Conceptual World to Real World: An Ethnographic Reading on Discours of Bentota Kolam Drama

Conceptual World to Real World: An Ethnographic Reading on Discours of Bentota Kolam Drama 

ixl,am f,dalfhka h:d f,dalhg( fnkaf;dg flda,ï kdgl l;sldj ms<sn`o udkjjxYfõ§ lshùula

uydpd¾h chka; wurisxy

iuka .tï ldßhlrjk

idrixlafIamh

NdIdj ieliS we;af;a ix{d u.sks.ix{dfõ fldgia folla we;.ta fldgia fol kï ixl,amh yd Yío rEmh hs. wm ,sùfï § oDYH Yío rEm Ndú;hg .kshs. ta Yío rEm u.ska wmf.a is;g hï ixl,am f.k taug yels h. fï ixl,amlrKfha § wod< jia;=j fyda jdia;ú; iajNdjh  yd ixl,amh w;r Rcq in`o;djla mej;Su wjYH fkdfõ. ta wkqj ixl,am f,dalh yd fN!;sl f,dalh w;r we;s iïnkaOh ys;=jlaldÍ jQjls. fidaIsh¾f.a fï woyia ixl,amh wkqj flda,ï ms<sn`o we;s mdrfN!;sl Ydia;%d,Sh l;sldj mÍlaIdjg ,la lsÍu fï wOHhkfhka isÿ flf¾. fnkaf;dg iuld,Sk flda,ï ms<sn`o we;s mdrfN!;sl ixl,amdj,sh tys h:h yd .e<mSu fuys m¾fhaIK ld¾hh hs.

irÉpkaø 1968 § zzfnkaf;dg m%foaYfha o flda,ï kdgH we;s nj ie,hsZZ hkq fjka l< m%ldYh wkqj mYapd;a ld,Skhka úiska lsisÿ fidhd ne,Sulska f;dr j fnkaf;dg o flda,ï kdgHh we;s m%foaYhla f,i ±laùu È.ska È.g u ±lsh yels úh. tfy;a 1963 ka miq fnkaf;dg i¾j rd;%Sl mQ¾K flda,ï kdglhla r`. ±laù ke;. fld,ï ñY% àg¾ kue;s kdgl 1970 ld,fha fnkaf;dg ;sî we;. tajd flda,ï f,i ye`Èkaúh fkd yels h. fnkaf;dg flda,ï kdgl ms<sn`o we;s idys;H l;sldj yd tys h:h w;r fkd mEySu fï wOHhkfhka m%ldYhg m;a fõ. ysufnda, ksheÈ l%uh wkqj fnkaf;dg m%foaYfha Ôj;a jk merKs f;dr;=re okakd msßia,kdgH Ys,amSka merKs flda,ïj,g iïnkaO jQ msßia wdÈh iu`. idlÉPd fldg ,nd .;a f;dr;=re yd fnkaf;dg m%foaYfha jir 40la muK Ôj;a ùfuka fuys m¾fhaIK iydhlhd ,nd we;s w;a±lSï mokï fldg f.k fuu m¾fhaIKh isÿ flf¾.udkjjxYfõ§ wOHhkhla jk fuh mqoa., w;a±lSï ms<sn`o úfYaI wjOdkhla fhdï lrhs.fuys we;=<;a o;a; nyqúO lshùulg újD;a; jk f,i bÈßm;a flfrk w;r wOHhkfha wruqKg muKla b,lal fldg lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍfï l%ufõoh Ndú; fkdlr hs.fï m¾fhaIKfhka fidhd.;a lreKq wkqj 1963ka miqj fnkaf;dg mQ¾K flda,ï kdglhla ;sî ke;.1963 isg 1980 muK jk f;la flda,ï mQ¾j rx.fha fldgia kQ¾;s iu`.;a we;eï úg ;r`. i`oyd;a ;j;a úfgl ldYHm o<od fmryef¾§;a r`. olajd we;.1989 § kd.rdiai r`. ±lAùug muKla fnkaf;dg flda,ï iSud ù we;.1989ka miq j fnkaf;dg flda,ï wNdjhg f.dia we;.;ju;a fnkaf;dg m%foaYfha Ôj;a jk Ys,amSka fofofkla flda,ï kegqï bÈßm;a lsÍfuys kshe¨k o Tjqka fnkaf;dg iïm%odh bÈßhg f.k hdula fkd lrhs.Tjqka Ndú; lrkqfha b;d úÑ;% l%uhla jQ wïn,kaf.dv l%uhhs.úúO m¾fhaIlhka ;ju;a fnkaf;dg flda,ï l,djla ms<sn`o lreKq bÈßm;a l< o óg oYl 6 lg muK mQ¾jfhka th wNdjhg f.dia we;s w;r wo b;sßj we;af;a tys kgUqka muKs. 

m%ïL mo( flda,ï,fidaIsh¾, ;=kaÿj, fnkaf;dg,iqoaof.dv

ye`Èkaùu

fN!;sl f,dalfha mj;akd m%mxp yd p,k NdIdjg ke.+ miq tajd ixialD;sfha fldgia njg m;a fõ.NdIdj øjH yd wøjH f,dalh f;areï .ekSug yd yeisrùug ñksidg Woõ lrhs.ta wkqj NdIdj ixialD;sfha we;s m%Odk u fuj,ïj,ska tlla njg m;a fõ.NdIdfõ we;s jeo.;a u ,laIK folla ms<sn`o wjOdkh fhduq lruq. tkï

1.NdIdj ix{d moaO;shla ùu

2.NdIdfõ ix{d yd Bg wod< øjH fyda p,k w;r ;d¾lsl iïnkaOhla fkd ùu.

*¾äkka ä fidIsh¾ fmkajd ÿka wdldrhg^Saussure,1999(66-67& NdIdj hkq kdulrK l%shdj,shls.yeu øjHhla,p,khla,ixl,amhla,is;=ú,a,la yd ye`.Sula i`oyd u kula fh§u kdulrK l%shdj,sh hs.ta kï ix{dj f,i ye`Èkaúh yels h. ta ix{dj o fo fldgilg fnfoa.tkï ixl,amh yd Yío rEmh f,i hs. ixl,amh iefklska is;g ke.Sug YíorEmhlg yels h. tfy;a th ikao¾Nh wkqj fjkia fõ.WodyrKhla f,i zzbíndZZ hk Yío rEmh úiska ljr fyda ixl,amhla is;g k.kqfha tu Yío rEmh fhfok ikao¾Nh wkqj hs.zzbínd Èhg niSZZ hkqfjka ikao¾Nh igyka jqjfyd;a túg zzisõmd- WNh Ôù i;ajfhl=ZZ ixl,amh fõ.

NdIdfõ fo jeks ,laIKh kï fï Yío rEmh yd ixl,amh w;r we;s iïnkaOh ys;=jlaldÍ ùu hs.th ixialD;shl isÿjk iïuq;shls.isxy, l;d lrk msßizz.iZZ hhs hï jia;=jlg tl`. ù we;. bx.%Sis ckhdf.a iïuq;sh wkqj th zzà%ZZ fõ. fufia ixl,amh i`oyd úúO Yío rEm mj;skqfha ta ys;=jlaldÍ nj ksid h. tfuka u ñksiqka úiska ilikq ,nk ixl,am ke;fyd;a signified yd tai xl,amhg mdol jk jia;= w;r iïnkaOhla ke;.tfyhska NdIdj hkq fkd u`. hjk iq`M, uxuq,d lrjk iq`M iel iys; biõjls.hula NdIdjg ke.Su hkq tys h:d iajNdjh w¾:l:khg ,la lsÍhu hs. ta w¾:l:k yd h:h w;r ljr fyda iïnkaOhla fkdue;s ùug mq`Mjk.NdIdj Ndú; fldg hï m%mxphla Bg lsisfia;a u wod< fkd jk wdldrfha lshùulg ,la l< yels h. th NdIdfõ we;s ks¾udKYS,S .=Kh f,i ye`Èkaúh yels h.¹

Ydia;%Sh wOHhk^ Literary studies& YslaIK ud¾.hla f,i 19 yd 20 jk ishjiaj, b;d u jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ lrf.k we;. ,xldfõ o yeu úIh lafIa;%hla ms<sn`o j u úúO Ydia;%Sh m¾fhaIK iy wOHhk isÿj we;. lafIa;% m¾fhaIK u.ska ,nd.;a o;a; wdY%fhka hï wjêhl iïmdokh lrk ±Kqu b;d flá l,lska h,a mekhdu isÿ fõ. tu ;;ajh ish¨ u udkj Ydia;%j,g fmdÿ jQ ;;ajhls. ñksia úIhka .;sl iajNdjfhka hq;= ùu Bg fya;=j hs.±Kqu h,a mekSu je,elaùu i`oyd tu úIh lafIa;%j, ksrka;rfhka lafIa;% m¾fhaIK isÿ l< hq;= h. tu m¾fhaIK l%uj;a yd ksjerÈ wdldrfhka l< hq;= h. m¾fhaIlhka o mßK; úoHd¾Òka úh hq;= h.

mQ¾j m¾fhaIK wdY%fhka rpkd ù we;s idys;H lD;s lshùu u.ska isÿ lrkq ,nk zzYdia;%Sh wOHhkZZ ;;a úIh lafIa;%h ms<sn`o j iïmdokh lrk ±Kqu úYajikSh fkdfõ. tla jrla w¾:l:khg ,la jQ ±Kqu wuqøjH f,i fhdod f.k iïmdokh flfrk oaú;Shsl ±Kqï úfYaI jeä w.;s iy.; njla fmkajhs. ,xldfõ .eñ kdgl iïnkaOfhka tÈßùr irÉpkaø jeks mqfrda.dóka úiska m%ldYhg m;a lrkq ,en we;s f,aLk mdol fldg f.k miqld,Sk Bkshd m¾fhaIlhka úiska bÈßm;a lrkq ,en we;s lreKq fnfyúka fkdu`. hjk iq`M tajd fõ. NdId;aul m%;sks¾udK iycfhka u fkdu`. hjk iq`M jk w;r ta m%;sks¾udK Ndú;fhka lrk fo jeks wêhf¾ w¾:l:k fld;rï kï mh mg,jk iq`M o hkak jgyd .ekSu fï wOHhkfha wruqK hs. ta i`oyd zzfnkaf;dg flda,ïZZ kue;s Ydia;%Sh l;sldj udkj jxYfõ§ ±Kqï uQ,dY% Ndú;fhka úixfhdackh^ de-construct & lsÍu fï ,smsh u.ska isÿ flf¾.           

m¾fhaIK .eg`Mj

flda,ï ms<sn`o lr we;s Ydia;%Sh wOHhk /il fnkaf;dg m%foaYfha flda,ï kdgH we;ehs i`oyka j we;. tfy;a 1973 isg fï wOHhkfha m¾fhaIlhd  Ôj;a jQ m%foaYh jk fnkaf;dg, flda,ï kdgH mj;sk njla Tyq w;a±l ke;. NdId;aul m%;sks¾udK yd h:h w;r meyeÈ,s fkd mEySula we;s nj ta wkqj oDIHudK fõ.jir 2000 ld,fha § m%ldYhg m;a wOHhk foll o fnkaf;dg o flda,ï kdgH l,dj we;s nj i`oyka j we;. fï iuld,Sk m¾fhaIlhka hefmkqfha flda,ï ms<sn`o mqfrda.dó m¾fhaIlhka úiska lrkq ,en we;s wOHhk yd w¾:l:k u; hs. fï wOHhkh u.ska wm ksrdlrKh lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk m%Odk .eg`Mj jkqfha fï WNf;dafldaálh hs. tkï fnkaf;dg flda,ï l,djla mej;sfha o@ mej;sfha kï th wNdjhg .sfha ljr lf,l o@ fnkaf;dg ;ju;a flda,ï l,djla mj;S o@ fnkaf;dg flda,ï l,dj ms<sn`o mqfrda.dó m¾fhaIlhka úiska iïmdÈ; ±Kqu fldf;la ÿrg ksjerÈ o@ fuf,i ±Kqu hdj;ald,Sk fkd ùu ksid we;s jk ;;ajhka ljrdldr o@ hk lreKq ksrdlrKh lr.ekSug fï wOHhkh u.ska W;aidy ±f¾.

wOHhk m%foaYh

fuu wOHhkfha mdol m%foaYh Y%S ,xldfõ ol=Kq m,df;a .d,a, Èia;%Slalfha fnkaf;dg m%dfoaYSh f,alï n, m%foaYfha fnkaf;dg .ïiNd n, m%foaYh hs ^1 is;shu&. fï m%foaYh W;=frka fnka;r .`.g o kef.kysßka fooaÿ .`.g o ol=Kska b`ÿrej .ïiNd n, m%foaYhg o ngysßka bkaÈhka id.rhg o udhsï fõ^2 is;shu&.

idys;H wOHhk

.eñ kdgl wdY%fhka isxy, foaYSh kdgH l,d iïm%odhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï jHdjD; jQ tÈßùr irÉpkaøhka úiska kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIh ;=<g .eñ kdgl /f.k tkq ,enQfha Tyqf.a zzisxy, .eñ kdglhZZ lD;sh u.sks.th 1968 § m%ldYs; h. 1952 § m%ldYs; The Sinhalese Folk Play lD;sh 1966 oS The folk Drama of Ceylon hk kñka Tyq úiska kej; m< lrk ,È.ta lD;s fofla u we;=<;a lreKq jvd kùlrKh fldg 1968 § zzisxy, .eñ kdglhZZ f,i isxyf,ka m< lrk ,È.th kdgH yd rx.l,d úIhg u wod< jQjls..%dóh Ydka;sl¾uhkays fmfkk kdgH ,laIK,Ydka;sl¾uhkays wka;¾.; kdgHuh fm<md,s, flda,ï, lú kdv.ï, fidlß, kdv.ï, rElv, wdÈh tys § úfYaIfhka wOHhkhg ,la flßK. 

irÉpkaø 1952 §;a 1966 §;a i`oyka fkd l< lreKq Tyq 1968 isxy, uqøKhg tla lr we;.flda,ï kdgH ;;a wjêfha mj;sk m%foaY ms<sn`o úia;r lrk Tyq zzflda,ï kdgl iïm%odh fkd lvjd /lf.k tk lKavdhï w;r,ud y`ÿkkafka wïn,kaf.dv lKavdhï fol yd ñßiafia Wvqmsf,a lKavdhu hsZZ^1999(95&.hkqfjka i`oyka lrhs.;j;a m%foaYj, isák flda,ï lKavdhï ms<sn`o úia;r lrñka fya fufia i`oyka lrhs.zzfmdl=Kqúg wekaä is[af[da .=rekakdkafiaf.a o flda,ï l=Ügula yd lKavdhula we;.;j o fnka;r yd kdl=`M.uqfõ o fld,ï lKavdhï we;s nj ie,hsZZ^tu(95& hkqfjka olajd we;.kdl=`M.uqfõ yd fnkaf;dg flda,ï we;s j.la Tyq Y%e;s ud;%fhka muKla o;a nj ta m%ldYfhka jegfya.irÉpkaø úiska fuf,i ±lajQ wdrxÑud;%h miqld,Sk m¾fhaIlhkaf.a nrm;, wjOdkhg ,la j we;.1968 § u m< lr we;s weï.tÉ..=K;s,lf.a zzflda,ï kdgl idys;HZZ lD;sh u.ska ,xldfõ isák flda,ï kdgl Ys,amSka fndfyda fofkl=f.a kï .ï mjd fy,s flrhs.Tyq flda,ï me;sr we;s m%foaY yd .ï ms<sn`o È.= úia;rhla lrhs.

zzflda,ï iSud jkafka my;rg fmfoiaj,g h.thskq;a u;= ±lafjk m<d;a úfYaI fjhs.

ol=Kq m,d; yd

niakdysr m,d;.

ol=Kq m<df;a ud;r iy .d,a, hk Èia;%Slalhkays o, niakdysr m,df;a l`M;r iy mdkÿr hk Èia;%slalhkays o mqrdK ld,fha isg flda,ï kegqï nyq, j mejf;hs. fld<U Èia;%Slalfha o we;eï m%foaYhkays fï kegqï l%uh ;sìKs.

flda,ï kegqïj,g m%isoaO .ï m<d;a my; olajd,ñ.

fnka;r

fldaïu,       fnka;r m%foaYh...

iqoaof.dv     ^1968(5&

fnka;rg wu;r j ñßiai,wïn,kaf.dv,rhs.u fldar<h yd w`M;a.u m%foaYh, ú.v m%foaYh -.ïmy, Tyq úsiska olajkq ,en we;. ta ta m%foaYj, isák Ys,amSkaf.a kï o Tyq olajd we;.Tyq fnka;r isá Ys,amSka ,hsia;=j o olajhs.

zzfnka;r m<df;a m%iaoaO flda,ï kegqïlrejkaf.a kï lsysmhla o my; ±lafjhs.

fnka;r,kkaod .=rekakdkafia iy tkao .=rekakdkafia.

iqoaof.dv, wurfia .=rekakdkafia

fnka;r odks .=rekakdkafia

fldaïu, ta.chfialr

ó.u vìp .=rekakdkafia, fla.´.sßia .=rekakdkafia

ó.u fla.irfka,sia m%kdkaÿ

ó.u we,a.ù mskao .=rekakdkafia ^1967(10&

fuys i`oyka we;eï kï lsisfjl=;a y`ÿkd .ekSug wiu;a úh. fldaïu, ta. chfialr flfkl= ms,sn`o i`oyka fj;;a flda,ïj,g iïnkaO ù isá f;añia chfialr,ðkodi chfialr yd isßfiak chfialr hk ;sfokd ms<sn`oj u fuys lsisÿ i`oykla ke;. tfuka u wuri .=rekakdkafia fnka;r flda,ï lKavdhïj,g iïnkaO j fkd isá nj ú,anÜ .,anv wdrÉÑ mjihs ^2014.05.17&. tfyhska fï kï ,hsia;=j .eg`M iy.; fõ.

weï.tÉ. .=K;s,l úiska fnka;r flda,ï ms<sn`o lr we;s úia;rh lafIa;%hg fkd meñK ljr fyda tla Ys,amsfhl=f.ka ,nd.;a f;dr;=rej,ska muKla ix.%y jQjlshs is;sh yels h. tjlg m%p,s; j isá wurfia .=rekakdkafia ms<sn`o fuys igyka fj;;a fnka;r flda,ïj,g iïnkaO ù isá iqoao .=rekakdkafia ms,sn`o lsisÿ igykla ke;. iqoaof.dv isá olaI fjiauqyqKq leghïlre jQ ofjdaksia .=rekakdkafia ms<sn`o j o fuys igykla ke;. fnka;r flda,ï l,djg iïnkaO j isá jeo.;a u Ys,amSka ish¨ fokd .=K;s,lf.a ,ehsia;=fjka .s,syS we;. 1967 jk úg fnkaf;dg flda,ï kdgH l,dj wNdjhg hñka mej;s wjêh hs. fï wjêfha flda,ï l,djg iïnkaO jQ Ys,amSka fndfyduhla Ôj;a j isg we;s uq;a ta wh f.ka ,nd .;a f;dr;=re lsisÿ m¾fhaIlfhl= úsiska ix.%y lr ke;. 2002 j¾Ifha § flda,ï ms<sn`o wOHhkh lrk fla.Ô wurfialr uE; ld,h jk f;la u flda,ï kegqï jHdma; j mej;s m%foaY f,i iqoaof.dv,fldaïu, yd ;=kaÿj hk fnka;r m%foaYfha msysá .ï ;=kl kï i`oyka lrhs^wurfialr,fla.Ô,2002(23&. Tyq wOHhkh lrk ld,h jk úg fï m%foaYj, flda,ï olakg ke;s nj o fyf;u mjihs ^tu(24&.;=kaÿj yd iqoaof.dv hkq iïm%odhsl fnrj l=, .ï folls.fï fofla u flda,ï Ys,amSka Ôj;a j isg we;. tfy;a flda,ï l=Ügula ;sî we;af;a fldaïu, chfialr mjq, i;= j muKs. fnkaf;dg flda,ï ixo¾Yk ixúOdkh fldg meje;ajQ msßi fldaïu, f;añia yd ðkodi chfialr,d muKs.wurfialr o fnkaf;dg flda,ï ms<sn`o lreKq ix.%y lr we;af;a iD;s ud;%fhks.

2006 j¾Ifha § flda,ï kdgHh ms<sn`o lD;shla m< l< wdßhr;ak l`M wdrÉÑ weï.tÉ .=K;s,lf.a mQ¾fjdala; m%ldYh u mqK¾l:kh lrñka fnka;r m%foaYfha flda,ï kdgH mj;sk nj i`oyka lrhs^l`M wdrÉÑ,tA.2006(6&.chfiak fldaÜfgf.dv o 2006 j¾Ifha § flda,ï kdgl ms<sn`o wOHhkh lrñka fnka;r o flda,ï kdgH mj;sk nj olajd we;^2006&.

lsisÿ m¾fhaIlfhl= úiska ;ju;a fnka;r flda,ï kdglfha b;sydih yd j;auka meje;au ms<sn`o m%dudKsl ueÈy;aula lr ke;s ksid fuu wOHhkh tu wvqj msßuikq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾. tfuka u ;jÿrg;a fnka;r flda,ï kdgH ms<sn`o wdOqkslhka fkdu`. hjk wdldrfha f;dr;=re iïmdokh lsÍu o fu u.ska ksud jkq we;ehs is;uq.

m¾fhaIK l%ufõoh

w;S;fha fnkaf;dg mej;s flda,ï yd miqj mej;s flda,ï kegqï iys; ixo¾Ykj,g iïnkaO jQ Ys,amSka yd tajd kerUQ ±kg Ôj;aj isák úfYaIs; mqoa.,hka lsysm fofkl= iu`. l< idlÉpdjka fuys Tjqka ±lajQ wdldrfhka u we;=<;a lr we;.udkjjxYfõ§ wOHhkj, § Ndú; flfrk l%ufõohla f,i fuh ie,lsh yels h.m¾fhaIK iydhlhd jir 40la muK Ôj;a jQ m%foaYh u m¾fhaIK mdol m%foaYh ù we;.th lÈu iyNd.S;aj ksÍlaIKhls. fnkaf;dg ;ju;a flda,ï kegqï bÈßm;a lrk jD;a;Sh k¾;k Ys,amSka fo fofkla we;. Tjqka fofokd iu`. l< idlÉPd fol o fuys we;=,;a fõ.ysufnda, ksheÈh wkqj idlÉPd i`oyd mqoa.,hka f;dard .kakd ,È. ysu fnda, ksheÈh hkq m%:ufhka idlÉPdjg iïnkaO lr.kakd whf.ka ,o f;dr;=re u; mokï j fojeks ;=kajeks mqoa.,hska ;SrKh lsÍu hs. ysufnda,hla fuka l%ufhka lreKq /ia fjñka m¾fhaIKh úYd, ùu fuys we;s ,laIKh hs. idlÉPd u.ska /ia lr.;a f;dr;=re fjk fjk u ix.%y lr we;s w;r fï m¾fhaIKhg wod< fkd jk we;eï lreKq o tajdfha jeo.;alu i<ld fuys bÈßm;a lr we;.udkjjxYfõ§ m¾fhaIlhka o;a; Ndú; lrkqfha tajdfha oDIHudk Ndú; w¾:h ms<sn`o muKla is;d fkdfõ.fï o;a;j, fuu m¾fhaIKhg Ndú; fkdlrk ;j;a fldf;l=;a w¾: ;sfí.ta nyq w¾:j,g bv b;sß lsÍu ms,sn`o j fuys § Wkkaÿ ù we;.  fï idlÉPdj, f;dr;=re;a idys;H wOHhkfhka fy,s jQ f;dr;=re;a fjí wvú yd ÿrl:k ixjdoj,ska /ia lr.;a f;dr;=re;a mokï fldg f.k .=Kd;aul úYaf,aIKhlg ,la fldg we;.   

iuQL idlÉPd

1.idlÉPdj(

m%ikak wfíj¾Ok ^wjq(69& 2014.02.08 .,anv,w;=reje,a,.iuia; ,xld .%du ks,OdÍ ix.ufha ysgmq iNdm;s fõ.bx.%Sis W.;a by< uOHu mka;sh ksfhdackh lrhs.

uu 1963 lrkakdf.dv uy;a;h ã.wd¾.´ fj, ysgmq ldf, fnka;r myqreuq,a, m%foaYfha .%du ks,OdÍ jYfhka m;afj,d wdfj. lrkakdf.dv uy;a;h .%du ixj¾Ok jHdmdrfha fyd`o ys;jf;la. thd fnka;r .dñKS úoHd, msÜgksfh .%du ixj¾Ok jHdmdrfh w;alï m%o¾Ykhla meje;a;=j. tafl ixialD;sl ixo¾Ykhla ;snqK. .dñKS úoHd,fha msÜgksfhzzl,duq`MjZZ lsh, ixialD;sl jevigykla l<d. talg ;=kaÿj,iqoaof.dv wd§ m%foaYj, Ys,amSka weú;a kegqï bÈßm;a l<d.ta kegqï w;r hla kegqï ;snqK. 1966 § tï.ù.ã. pkaør;ak ã.wd¾.´ uy;a;h l,dlrejka k.d isgqùfï jevigykla l<d. ta jevigyka foaYk iys; ixo¾Yk. tajg ck kegqï bÈßm;a lf<a oïme,a,f.dv fnda,ska .=rekakdkafi. iqoaof.dv Ys,amSka fndfyduhla Bg iïnkaO jqKd. uf.a ld,fha flda,ïj, rdiai kegqï lsysmhla ñila iïmQ¾K flda,ï kegqula r`. ±lafjkj uu ±l, kE.

2.idlÉPdj(

ã. trd,sia ^wjq(69& 2014.02.23, iqoaof.dv,fnkaf;dg. fnrj l=,hg wh;a ÿmam;a yd kQ.;a iudc mka;sh ksfhdackh l< o b;d u olaI l,d Ys,amsfhls.

fnka;r flda,ï kegqïj,g iïnkaO jqfka f;añia chfialr, thd óg wjqreÿ 30lg l,ska u<d. thdf. mq;d ðkodi chfialr² óg wjqreÿ 5 lg ú;r l,ska u<d. isßfiak chfialr 1989 l,n,j,ska u<d.±ka ta flda,ïj,g iïnkaO jqK wh kE. 1960 .Kkaj, lrkakdf.dv uy;a;h fnka;r .dñKsfh ixúOdkh l< W;aifõ flda,ï kegqï ;snqK. hla kegqï lsysmhla ú;rla. .rd hld, kd. lkHd, kd. rdiai, jf.a taj. uu;a wjqreÿ 15la fjia uqyqKq lemqj. fldaïu,g flda,ï fjiauqyqKq f.kdfj ngqúáka. ngqúg flda,ï l=Ügï ;sfhkj. ug wjqreÿ 25 È ú;r wïn,kaf.dv rkafodfò mkaif,a flda,ula kegqj. wdßhmd, .=rekakdkafi tal lf<a. 1960 È ú;r fnka;r jkjdi mkaif,a wd,jl kegqj ug u;lhs. yduqÿrefjd wd,jl iQ;%h lshkfldg wd,jlh úÈhg we`of.k weú;a kgkj. ta ldf, m%isoaO keÜgqfjd f.dvla ysáh fï iqoaof.dfâ. fla. tia. m%kdkaÿ .=jkaúÿ,sfh jev l<d óg wjqreÿ 15lg ú;r l,ska thd u<d. wuri .=rekakdkafif. mq;d y¾n¾Ü ohdiS,;a ta ldf, yq`.la jev l<d. wuri .=rekakdkafi ;=kaÿfj iskao .=rekakdkafif.hs iqoaof.dv kkao .=rekakdkafif.hs fokakf. u f.da,h. kkao .=rekakdkafi fyd`o n,s weÿr. wuri .=rekakdkafif. f.da,fhd f.dvla ysáh. taäka .=rekakdkafi, fla.tia m%kdkaÿ, irfkaßia, fnd,ska, fiaÈßia ta w;r m%Odkhs. fiaÈßiag ñksiaiq lsõfj l=f¾ lsh,. u,lalx .ykfldg lerflkj nufr jf.a. ta ksid.ta ldf, .EKq flfkl=g orefjla nvg wdju l`M l=udrh fjkqfjka l,ia fma lrkj. <uh ,eì, b`ÿ,a lg .dkfldg ikakshl=ula kg, l=udr msfoakakla fokjd. 1960 .Kkaj, .=rekakdkafi flfkl=g re.300la ÿkak f;dú,hlg .shdu. f;dúf,lg re.30,000la ú;r úhoï jqKd. f.or whs;sldrh wdrdOkdm;% .y, fnokj okak yefudagu. tk whg f;a fïihla odkj. uyú, fndkaÿmsáh lshk .ïj,^fou< .;a;r l=, .ï& f;dúf, n,kak tk whg n;=;a ÿkak. f.dú;eka lm, md., b;a;Emdfk ñksiaiq mdkauvqjla kgkj. fooaÿj ykaÈfh fndaêh ,`. foajdf, yeu weye, fmdahg u ;ju;a mdKauvqj lrkj. wjqreÿ folla lrkak neß fj,d .fïu whg fndafjk frda. yeÿk.

3.idlÉPdj(

Èñka.=jdjdß fkdanÜ^wjq(63& 2014.02.25, iqoaof.dv,fnkaf;dg. fnrj l=,, olaI fjia uqyqKq lmkafkla fuka u fnr jdolfhls. 

uf.a .=rejrhd trd .=rekakdkafi, trd .=rekakdkafif. .=rejrhd wdi .=rekakdkafi. uu wïn,kaf.dv flda,ïj,g fnr .y, ;sfhkj. iqoao .=rekakdkafi wïn,kaf.dv wdßhmd, .=rekakdkafif. flda,ï l=Ügug fnr .eyqj. fnka;r fldaïu, flda,ï kegqïj,g;a thd fnr .eyqj.ta ldf, m%isoaO .=rekakdkafi, f.dvla ysáh. iqoao.=re, Èix .=re, mkslal,, isßudßia, fiaudßia, ta w;r jeo.;a. fiaudßia .=rekakdkafi uf.;a .=rejrfhla. uuhs trd,sia .=rekakdkafihs fokak u fiaudßia .=ref. YsIHfhda. je,smekak me;af; bkak chfk;a;s mrïmrdj fufyka .sh isßudßia lshk .=rekakdkafif.ka mj;sk wh. Èix .=rekakdkafi u;=.u me;a;g mÈxÑhg .shd. wuri .=rekakdkafi .d,a, me;af; flfkla. fufy weú;a mÈxÑfj, jev l<d. fï Ys,amSkag Èkm;d u jf.a jev ;snqK. ta ldf, isud .=rekakdkafi fõ,m;alv yeÿj. rdyqg fla;=g jf.a .%y wm,j,g iakdk yeÿj. .%y wm,j,g n,s wU, Ydka;sl¾u lrkj. 1980 .Kkaj, mdkÿf¾ wßhOïu yduqÿrejkaf.ka miafi ;uhs .%y wm,j,g fndaêmQcd lrk tl wdfj. ta ldf, n,shla l<d u weÿrg Y; 50la remsh,a 2la jf.a .dKla ,enqK. kslx bkak ojiaj,g f.dak T`M uqj wx lmdf.k .sysx úlal. 1960ka miafi ;uhs f;dú,a kegqï ikao¾Yk úÈyg kgkak .;af;. ta ldf, hla kegqï ikao¾Yk úÈyg lf<a kE.

fldaïu,  flda,ula kegqfj ug wjqreÿ 13 jf.a ldf,. fnka;r .dñKsfh msÜgksfh 60 .Kkaj, flda,ï kegqï ;snqK. flda,ï ixúOdkh lf<a ðkodi chfialr. fldaïu, msßi f.dú.u wh. fnr .eyqfj wfma wh. uq,a ldf, l=, iïm%odhka ;snqK. .rd uvqj, .rd uQKq ne`oka fjia mdkak whs;sh ;snqfKA zzT,SkagZZ. miafi taj fjkia jqKd. fldaïu,È iïmQ¾K flda,ula uu ±l, kE. biair u fldaïu, flda,ï ;sì, ;sfhkj.

4.idlÉPdj(

ú,anÜ .,anvwdrÉÑ^wjq(63& 2014.05.17 fldaïu,,fnkaf;dg. f.dú .u l=,hg wh;a merKs flda,ï kegqï Ys,amsfhls.                              

fufy f;añia chfialr ,`. flda,ï l=Ügula ;snqK. ðkodi chfialr thdf. mq;d. 2005 ú;r fjklx ta uqKq fnka;r ;snqK. 2005 È ú;r ðkodi chfialrf. f,dl= ÿj pñ, ta fjia uQKq l=reKE., wrx .shd. thdf. f.or ta fjia uQKq ál fl!;=l jia;= úÈyg ;shdf.k bkakj lsõj. ðkodi chfialr óg wjqreÿ 5lg ú;r l,ska uereK. l=reKE., ¥,f. f.or ;uhs wjika lghq;= lf<a. ta ldf, f,dl= msßila flda,ïj,g iïnkaO fj,d ysáh. 1940-50 .Kkaj, f;añia chfialr flda,ï kgk ldf, ;eka ;ekaj, .syska flda,ï ikao¾Yk lr, ;sfhkj. fufy;a iïmQ¾K flda,ï o¾Yk mj;aj, ;sfhkj. 1963 .xj;=rg;a l,ska ;uhs fnka;r wjidk jrg iïmQ¾K flda,ula kegqfj. t;fldg ug wjqreÿ 12la ú;r we;s. uu;a ldmsß flda,u wKfnr flda,u jf.a pß;j,g kegqj. ðkodi chfialr f,kaÑkd, kd. rdiai jf.a pß; kegqj. iqoao .=rekakdkafihs fiaudßia .=rekakdkafihs fnr .eyqj. wuri .=rekakdkafi fufy flda,ïj,g iïnkaO jqfka kE. foajuqKsf.a wrfkda,sia ;uhs cihg kegqfj. mEksia ;s,lr;ak fyxpg kegqj. ßfp,a noafoú;dk ;uhs wdrÑÑg kegqfj. 1960 l,ska ldf, fï kegqï ;snqfK f;añia chfialrf. bvfu u hs. 1960 .Kkaj, w. fldaïu, msÜgksfh mgka.;a; fmdfidka fmdahg mdka l+vqjla. ojia 7la mdxl+vqj m%o¾Ykh lf<d;a ixo¾Yk;a 7la ;sín. flda,ï kegqï, i`olsÿre, ci f,kaÑkd jf.a kdgH r`.mEj. msÜgksfh fõÈldjla .y, fõÈldj Wv ,jqâiamSl¾ od, ;uhs lf<a. ta ldf, msá., ysUqgqf.däka fjia uqyqKq f.kdfj. fydalkaor fomdku foajdf, lmqj f;dauia weâ,ska lmq uy;a;h ta ldf, fufy flda,ï kgkak tkj. .EKq pß; r`.mEfj thhs. .=re`M rdiai kegqfj wrfkda,sia yd f;añia chfialr. 1960 .Kkaj, isg 1970 .Kka jk f;la fmdfidka tlg fï ikao¾Yk ;snqK. tajfh .EKq Woúh r`. mEj. YS,d mrKudKf. kx.s r`. mEj. ;j;a fooaÿfj .EKq flfkla r`. mEj. ìijg, l=udßg, lsÿßg r`. mEfj .EKq whu hs.

1989 ldf, isßfiak chfialr thdf. f.a ,`. kd. rdiai kegqj. thdf. ÿfjl=g rdiai uqKq nekao. ál l,lska ,shqflañhdj yeÈ, weia t<shg weú,a, úrEmS fj, ta <uh uereK. yefudau lsõfj jia jeÈ, lsh,..=re`M rdiai uQK yß n,j;a tlla.1961 È fnka;r lrkakdf.dv ã.wd¾,´ uy;a;hf. ldf, .dñKsfh ixúOdkh lrmq ikao¾Yfkag wms .=re`M rdiai kegqfj kE. rdiai uQK ì;a;sfh .y, ;snqK. wfkla uQKqj,ska lsysmhla ta ikao¾Yfkag .;a;. ál fj,djlska kfhla msôkj wefykj. n,kfldg .=re`M rdiai uQK msôkafk. fyóg uQK ìug .;a;, we;=f, fudfllaj;a kE. ta;a yhsfhka u .=re`M rdiai uQK msôkj. blaukg udu^f;añia chfialr& m`vqrla fydao, wrka ndrhla fj,d m`vqr nekao, fï kegqug .=re`M rdiai kgkak flfkla ke;s ksid kgkake;s jqKdg wei, fmdahg .,md; mkaif,a uyd ldYHm o<od fmryef¾ .=re`M rdiai kgkjhs lsh,. Bg miafi msô,a, k;r jqKd. .=re`M rdiai kgkak nE f,ais flfkl=g. uQK ne`of.k kqmqreÿ flfkla fomdrla lerl=k .uka uQK ìu jÈkj.

ohdkkao .=Kj¾Ok ci-f,kaÑkd wr.;af; fnka;ßka. .=jkaúÿ,shg .sysx fufy Ys,amSkaf. y`äka ci-f,kaÑkd má.; l<d. fnka;r flda,ïj, my;rg fnf¾ ú;rhs jdofka lf<a. fydrKEj msïfn kE. whsf, nekafo;a kE. u,a hyk yeÿj. nqÿka je`o, ;uhs mgka.;af;. úfkdafog ;uhs lf<a. 70 .Kkaj, ðkodi chfialr fmdf,dkakre .shd. B,`. ;reK mrïmrdjg flda,ï lrf.k hkak mq`Mjkalula ;snqfk kE.

5.idlÉPdj(

ã.fla.´.fla.Y%shd,;d,^wjq(58& 2014.03.12..,a;=vqj,f.dak., mqr.f.dú .u l=,hg wh;a my< uOHu mdka;sl flda,ï risldjls. 1960 .Kkaj, fnka;r mej;s àg¾ krUd we;.  

1960 .Kkaj, fldaïu, fnda,a msÜgksfh ðkodi chfialr, mj;ajmq flda,ï ikao¾Yk ug u;lhs. yeu fmdfidka tlg u fldaïu, fnda,a msÜgksfh mdka l+vqj yeÿj. l+vqfj wka;su ojig flda,ï ikao¾Ykhla ;snqK. fjiauQKq odf.k jf.a u fkdod lrk kegqï ;snqK. .EKq wh;a r`. mEj. {dk,;d lsh, .EKq flfkla f,kaÑkdg r`.mEfj. ls`ÿrg r`.mEfj ðkodi chfialr. ls`ÿrhs ls`ÿßhs fjiauqyqKq fkdod r`.mEfj. fï ikao¾Ykj, fvd,als, i¾mskd, jdokh l<d. md`M j;=j, fmd,aw;= wyqrf.k ;uhs mqyqKqùï lf<a. fnka;r bkak chfialr, uq,ska fyÜá wdrÉÑ,¨. miafi iqoafod kïnqkdu fokfldg ;uhs chfialr lshk ku wrf.k ;sfhkafk. ðkodi chfialr f¾äfhdafj úßÿ lsõj. 1980 È ú;r msß;la lsh, odkhla §, flda,ï ikao¾Yk keje;a;=j. ðkodi chfialr 70 .Kkaj, fmdf<dkakre .sh;a fmdfidka tlg fldaïu, wdj. thd yß ,iaik ukqiaifhla. lgy`v;a yß .eUqrehs.

6 idlÉPdj(

ã.tia.fmdkakïfmreu ^wjq(90& 2014.02.25 iQßhf.dv,fnkaf;dg.fnkaf;dg ±kg Ôj;a j isák jfhdajDoaO u W.;a mqoa.,hd fõ. úY%dñl bx.%Sis .=rejrfhls. f.dú.u uOHu mka;sh ksfhdackh lrhs.

uf.a mshd w;=reje,a, úoHd,fh;a fnka;r .dñKsfh;a b.ekajQ .=rejrfhla. uqo,smoúhl=;a Tyqg ;snqK. Tyq ñh.sfha 1956 fkdjeïn¾j,. ;d;a; ,`. flda,ï uQKq iy u.=,a fnrhla ;snqK. fyajd flda,u, isxy uQKq 2hs ,kd. rdiai uQKq 2hs ;snqK. ;d;a; f.dú.u jqKdg fyd`og fnr.ykak kgkak mq`Mjka. thd taj bf.kf.k ;snqK. iqoaof.dv wuri .=rekakdkafi j ,`.ska weiqre l<d.

ug u;lhs ta ldf, kS,sisf.j;af; mkai, ;sfhk bvfu fmd,a w;= uvq .y, úys`M kegqï kgkj. uu fmdä ldf, ;uhs taj ±lafl. taj flda,ï o fudkjo lshkak ug u;l kE. taj lf<a ljqo lsh,;a u;l kE. fjiauQKq odf.k lrmq úys`M kegqï lsh, u;lhs. wms f,dl= uy;a jqKdg miafi flda,ï jf.a taj n,kak bvla ,enqkakE.

wfma ;d;a; l,djg yß leu;shs. 1935g l,ska ldf, w;=reje,af, biafldaf,g tia.t,a.à.lmqfldgqj uy;a;hj f.kak, oy wg ikakshla kg, fmkakqj. lmqfldgqj 1915 ;d;a;;a tlal fld<U fÜ%kska fldf,aÊ tfla tlg bf.k f.k ;sfhkj. 1972 § fnka;r ixpdrl jHdmdfr werUqKd.72 fnka;r f.j,a 25lg úÿ,sh ÿkak. taflka tl f.hla uf.a f.a. fnka;r friaÜ yjqia tl ´,kao bÈlsÍula. .dñKsfh m%d:ñl úoHdf, ;snqK 1755 yomq ´,kao m,a,shla. ±ka tal úkdY lr,.ta ldf, b`o, u fnka;r ixpdrl l¾udka;hg WÑ; ;ekla fj, ;sì, ;sfhkj.

7 idlÉPdj(

m;auisß ùrisxy ^57& 2013.11.06 yd 2014.02.11 ;=kaÿj, ynqre.,. m%isoaO Ys,amsfhl= jk taäka .=rekakdkafiaf.a mqf;ls. fnrj l=, Ys,amsfhl= jk w;r uOHu mdka;sl jD;a;Sh flda,ï kgkafkls.

zzuf.a flda,ï kegqï lKavdhula ;sfhkj.wms bÈßm;a lrkafk mQ¾j rx.fha ;sfhk wx. lsysmhla ú;rhs. flda,ï l;d kgka kE. wKfnr yd fkdxÑ flda,u, fmd,sia flda,u, kd. lkHd, kd. rdlaI yd .=re`M rdlaI, fyajd flda,u, ci f,kaÑkd flda,ï, wdrÉÑ flda,u, uqo,s flda,u. fï flda,ï pß;j,g miafi ikakshl=fu fldgia lSfml=;a kgkjd. l`M hld, ore ke,ú,a,, .sKs isis, jeks. meh ;=kl ú;r m%ix.hla ;uhs wms lrkafk. uf.a lKavdhfï bkakj î.ta. ksyd,a, ufkdaÊ rxcka uqKisxy, iqð;a ffu;%Smd,, ,ika; m%§ma l=udr, úl=ï ,xldr chfialr, ÿñ`ÿ ks,xl .=reisxy, I;sIa Wfmakaø ,xldfoaj, Ydka; iurúl%u yd tÉ.tka.pdur m%§ma l=udr hk wh. fõÈld mßmd,kh ksIamdokh yd iïnkaëlrKh m%shka; rxcka. fnd/,af, yjqia T*a v%dud wdh;kh ;uhs fï ikao¾Yk ixúOdkh lrkafk. ±kg ikao¾Yk 10la ú;r lr, ;sfhkj. uf.a lKavdhug ish¨ u úhoï i`oyd remsh,a 80 000la fokj. álÜj,g ;uhs ikao¾Yfka lrkafk. 2012 fkdjeïn¾ 04 gj¾ r`.yf,a l<d. 2012 iema;eïn¾ 24 kd;a;kaäfh Oïñiair úoHd, Y%jKd.dfr l<d. yßu id¾:l hs. Yd,dj bv uÈ jqKd fik. odkak wkqrdOmqf¾ È. uq,ska uf. ,`. flda,ï fjia uqyqKq ;snqfk kE. wïn,kaf.dv rEmia lsh, Ys,amsfhlaf.ka ;uhs uQKq b,a,.;af;. ±ka ug wjYH uqKq ál yodf.k ;sfhkafk. wmsg jev tkj m%ix. mj;ajkak ixialD;sl W;aijj,. bf.k .kak <uhskag n,kak mj;ajk m%ix. ;uhs jeä. uu úfoaY ixpdr lsysmhlg;a iïnkaO fj,d ;sfhkj. iuyr fj,djg úfoaYslhka i`oyd fydag,aj, kgkak;a hkj. fï lafIa;%h wd¾Óluh jYfhka mdvq tlla fkfuhsZZ.

úYaf,aIKh(

irÉpkaø yd tï.weÉ..=K;s,l úiska fnka;r flda,ï ms<sn`o ish woyia olajd we;af;a 1967 § h. i¾j rd;%Sl j mej;s mQ¾K flda,ï ixo¾Ykhla wjika jrg fnkaf;dg mj;ajd we;af;a 1963 j¾Ifha § h.fnka;r flda,ï lrejka whs,h fkd ne`§u my;rg fnrh muKla Ndú;hg .ekSu jeks úfYaIs; ,laIKj,ska hqla; fõ. 1965 isg 1970 w. Nd.h jk f;la u flda,ï mQ¾j rx.j, fldgia úúO m%ix. wjia:dj,§ yd uyd ldYHm fmryef¾§ r`. olajd we;. fldaïu, fmdfidka myka l+vqjg iu.dó j mej;s kdgH flda,ï f,i fkdj kQ¾;s fkdfyd;a àg¾ f,i ye`Èkaùu WÑ; h. tajdfha ia;%S pß; ia;%Ska úiska u r`.md we;s w;r i¾mskdj fvda,alsh jeks ix.S; NdKav fhdodf.k we;. fjia uqyqKq fkd me<`o l< rx.hka tys fndafyda úg ;sî we;. fnka;r flda,ï kegqïj, f; jeks wÈhr jkqfha isßfiak chfialr 1989 ld,fha ixúOdkh l< kd. rdiai kegqï h. isõ jk wjêh f,i ie<lsh yelafla  m;auisß iy l=uqÿ l=udr hk Ys,amSka úiska ixpdrl fydag,aj, yd m%ix. fõÈldj, mj;ajk jD;a;Shuh kegqï h. m;auisß bÈßm;a lrk flda,ï kegqï Tyq y`ÿkajkqfha wïn,kaf.dv flda,ï f,isks. flda,ïj, fnkaf;dgg wdfõksl j mej;s ,laIK ms<sn`o m;auisßg wjfndaOhla ke;. Tyq mrïmrdfjka fuka u W.;alfuka o flda,ï ,laIK W.;a wfhls. l=uqÿ l=udr Ys,amshd o tn`ÿ u fõ. tfyhska fï Ys,amSka fofokd fnka;r flda,ï l,dfõ wLKav .,dhdfï m%;sM,hla f,i ±laúh fkd yels h. Tjqka fnkaf;dg m%foaYfha Ôj;a ùu ksid ñi fnkaf;dg flda,ï l,dj yd iïnkaO lsÍug ;rï idOdrK fya;=jla ke;.  fuys idlÉjg iïnkaO jQ m%N+ msßia flda,ï ms<sn`o w,am ±kqula we;af;da úh. th 1950 oYlh jk úg .¾ys; .eñ l,djla f,i mej;s njg idOlhls. 1960 oYlh jk úg l=, fNaohlska f;dr j fï l,d bf.kSug;a ri ú`§ug;a mgka .;a wdldrh fï idlÉPdj,ska fy<s fõ. rdcH ueÈy;a ùfuka m%ix. ixúOdkh lsÍu yd ;r`. meje;aùu u.ska fï l,dx. jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu;a tu.ska tajd l,ska mej;s ikao¾Nfhka fjkia ikao¾Nhl ia:dk .; lsÍu;a fï wOHhkfhka y`ÿkd .; yels h.1956 cd;sl jHdmdrh yryd we;s jQ ixialD;sl jHdmdrfha n,mEu fï m%;sks¾udKh ùu flf¾ n,md we;s nj o y`ÿkd .;yels lreKls.by; ix.Dys; f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh lsÍfuka fnkaf;dg flda,ï kdgH l;sldj ms<sn`o my; ±lafjk ks.ukj,g t<ôh yels h.

ks.uk

1950 oYlh jk úg f;añia chfialrf.a kdhl;ajfhka ck kdglhla f,i fnkaf;dg flda,ï mej;S we;. 1960 oYlh jk úg th ðkodi chfialr hgf;a àg¾j, ;;ajhg fjkia ù f.dia we;. 1989 § isßfiak chfialr meje;ajQ kd. rdiai kegqï fnkaf;dg úfkdaod¾:fhka meje;ajQ wjika flda,ï kegqï ikao¾Ykhs. ;ju;a flda,ï yd iïnkaO jQ Ys,amSka fnkaf;dg Ôj;a jqj o Tjqka fnkaf;dg flda,ï iïm%odh ms<smÈkafkda fkd fj;s. 1989 ka miqj fnkaf;dg flda,ï yd ne`ÿkq lsisjla isÿj ke;. fnkaf;dg flda,ï l,dj ms<sn`o úúO m¾fhaIlhka yd l;=jreka olajk f;dr;=re lreKq fidhd fkd n,d l< idjoH tajd fõ.ixl,am f,dalh ;=< fnkaf;dg ;ju;a flda,ï we;s uq;a h:d f,dalh ;=< th ksudjg m;a ù wo jk úg fndfyda l,la .; j we;. wo jk úg fnkaf;dg f.dú.u fyda fnrj hk l=, fol w;f¾ u flda,ï kue;s .eñ kdglh ±lsh fkd yels h. fnkaf;dg flda,ï iïm%odh fï jk úg imqrd u úkdY ù f.dia we;s nj ks.ukh l< yels h.

igyka(

1.ðkodi chfialr cd;sl .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ ‘ ta ’ fY%aKsfha foaYSh .S úßÿ yd moH .dhkd Ys,amsfhl= jQ w;r .=jka úÿ,s fiajfha ,smslrefjl= f,i o fiajh lf<ah.1970 oS Y%S ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dfõ ikaOHd fiajfha f,alïjrfhl= jQ Tyq mq,;sis rdjh .=jka úÿ,sfha m%ojD;a;s ixialdrjrhdo úh.,dld§m m%dfoaYSh jd¾;dlrefjl= jYfhka lghq;= l< Tyq kjl;d l;=jßhl jQ iqkkaod úfÊ,;d uqKisxy iu`. újdy ù isáfha h. 2009. 12.19 Èkg wdikak Èfkl ñh f.dia we;s w;r ñh hk úg frday,a ykaÈh,ksYaYxlu,a, udj;,fmdf<dkakrej ,smskfha mÈxÑ j isg we;. fï ksnkaOfha úúO wh ish idlÉPdj, § Tyq ms<sn`o úúO mriamr woyia olajd we;s ksis fï úia;rh ±lajQfjuq.   

uq,dY%(

iïuqL idlÉPd(

·         m%ikak wfíj¾Ok uy;d^69& iu`. Tyqf.a b`ÿrefõ .,anv msysá ksjfia § 2014.02.08 Èk l< idlÉPdj.Tyq 1960 isg fnkaf;dg .%duks,OdÍ jrfhla f,i fiajh lr we;.iuia: ,xld .%du ks,OdÍ ix.ufha ysgmq iNdm;s f lfkls.

·         ynqre., ;=kaÿfõ mÈxÑ iuld,Sk flda,ï kdgHlrejl= jk taäka .=rekakdkafiaf.a mq;a m;auisß ùrisxy uy;d^57& iu`. 2013.11.06 yd 2014.02.11 hk Èlj, l< idlÉPd

·         fnkaf;dg iqoaof.dv mÈxÑ fjiauqyqKq leghï Ys,amS yd fnr jdok Ys,amS fkdanÜ uy;d^63&iu. 2014.02.25 Èk l< idlÉPdj.

·         ±kg fnkaf;dg isák jhia.; u ±k W.;a mqoa.,hd jQ iQßhf.dv mÈxÑ ã.tia. fmdkakïfmreu uy;d ^90&iu. 2014.02.26 Èk meje;ajQ idlÉPdj.

·         fnkaf;dg iqoaof.dv mÈxÑ ã.trd,sia lÜgä uy;d iu`. 2014.02.23 Èk l< idlÉPdj.

·         fldaïu, Wmka ±kg .,a;=vqj m%foaYfha fjfik ã.fla.´.fla.Y%shd,;d^58& 2014.03.12 Èk l< idlÉPdj.

·         fldaïu,,fnkaf;dg mÈxÑ fnkaf;dg flda,ï i`oyd iïnkaO jQ ±kg Ôj;a j isák tl u Ys,amshd jk ú,anÜ .,anvwdrÉÑ^wjq(63& iu`. 2014.05.17 Èk meje;a jQ idlÉPdj.

ÿrl:k idlÉPd:

·         fnka;r wdrÉÑuq,af,a mÈxÑ jD;a;Sh kegqï Ys,amS yd fnr jdol l=uqÿ l=udr uy;d^38& iu`. 2014.02.25 Èk l< ÿrl:k idlÉPdj.

.%ka:(

·         irÉpkaø,B.(1999)isxy, .eñ kdglh (Sinhala adaptation of The Folk Darma of Ceylon,1966),3jk uqøKh, urodk(f.dvf.a m%ldYk.

·         .=K;s,l,tï.tÉ.(1968). flda,ï kdgl idys;Hh.urodk:r;ak m%ldYk.

·         ­____________^1980&flda,ï,isxy, úYajfldaIh 8 fj`Mu.ixia( fla.tka.´.O¾uodi.

·         wurfialr.fla.cS,2002.flda,ï kdgl mqrdKh.weÜ,kagd m%skag¾ia,l¾;D m%ldYk.

·         l`M wdrÉÑ,wdßhr;ak,2006,flda,ï kdgl úuiqu,l¾;D m%ldYk.

·         fldaÜfgf.dv,chfiak,2009, 2 jk uqøKh,flda,ï .eñ kdglhla fkdfõ.fndr,eia.uqj( l¾;D m%ldYk.

·         Sarachchandra.E.R,1966,The Folk Drama of Ceylon,2^nd edition.Ceylon:Dep.of Cultural Affairs.

• Saussure, Ferdinand de.,1966. Course in General Linguistics. Translated from french by Wade Baski.London: Hill Book Company.

is;shï(