භාෂාව හා සාහිත්‍ය- සංඥාව,කතිකාව හා ධ්වනිය --සමන් එම් කාරියකරවන

NdIdj yd idys;Hh (ix{dj, lතsldj yd èjksh

-      iuka tï.ldrshlrjk

ñksid iajNdj O¾uh yd lrkq ,enQ wkjr; wr.,fhka Wlyd .kakd ,o úYsIag;u fuj,u NdIdj fõ. m%lD;sh ixialD;sl .; l< yels jkqfha NdIdfõ msysfgks. th ish¿ m%mxp kdu lrKhg k;= lrhs. tu.ska úúO jia;= yd ixisoaê  ix.Dys; lsrSug wjia:dj ,ndfoa. ta wkqj wm wjg f,dalh md,kh l< yels tallj,g fjka lsrSu yd ñksia wjYH;d mrsos yeisrùfï myiqj ,ndfokqfha NdIdj u.sks. NdIdj ñksid iu. wdldr foll ino;d mj;ajhs. tkñ wka;¾ mqoa., ikaksfõokh fyj;a wfkla wh iu. w;aoelS, woyia, ye.Sñ, wdosh yqjudre lr.ekSug wjia:dj i,id fohs. fojkqj th wka;¾mqoa., ikaksfõokhg wjia:dj i,ihs. tkï ñksia Ñka;kh ks¾udKh lsrSfï ld¾h bgqlrhs.

fï whqrska úNd. l< úg NdIdfõ l%shdj,sh b;d oS¾> jYfhka ú.%y l< hq;a;ls. tfy;a idys;Hh NdIdfõ u tla jHdmdrhla f,i y÷kdf.k idys;Hh lrKfha oS NdIdfõ ld¾hNdrh ljrdldroehs y÷kd .ekSu u.ska idys;Hh hkak y÷kd .ekSug W;aidy lsrSu fï ,smsfha wruqKhs.

        NdIdj ix{dj,ska ieliS we;. ix{dj fo fldgilska hqla; fõ. tkï ix{dldrlh yd ix{dlD;h hkqfjks. Wod #- .i keue;s jia;=j ix{dldrlhhs.     zz.a + w + ia + wzz kue;s Yío tl;=fjka we;sjk NdId;aul m%;sks¾udKh ix{dlD;hhs. fï ix{dlD;h yd ix{dldrlh jk jia;=j w;r ljr fyda iDcq in|;djla ke;. zz.a + w + ia + wzz hkq ñksia yfඬys we;s Yío ;=kls. .a,ia, iy w hkq jHxck folla yd iajrhls. th ñksia WÉpdrK bkaøsh moaO;sfha úúO ia:dkj,ska ksmeofõ. ta Yío rpkh ioyd fhdod.kakd wlaIr rEm ;=k ud fuys olajd we;.tt Yíoj,g isxy, NdIdfõ fhdod .kakd wlaIr rEm tn÷ fõ. bx.%Sisfha kï G, S, A hk rEm fhdod .kS. tfy;a .i hk jia;=fõ fjkila ke;. fuf,i ix{dlD;h ix{dldrlfhka fjkia ùu yryd m%lD;s f,dalh ñksia Ñka;khg yeisrúh yels myiqldrl njla we;slrhs. ud ix{d Ndú; lrk úg tys ix{dlD;h úiska iïmdos; l:sldj úkd iajdNdúl jia;=j iuÕ in|;d fkd mj;ajhs.

ix{djla ks¾udKh jQ úg ta ix{dfõ ix{dldrlh ;jÿrg;a il%Sh Ndjhla m%ldY fkd lrhs. ix{dlD;h úiska iajhxj j¾Ok fõ. thu zzl:sldjzz hk foaYmd,ksl ixialD;sl w¾: mrsuKav,h olajd rEmdka;rKh fõ.

fuf,i wm wjg we;s ish¨ jia;= cd;s, ÞjH, .=K, l%shd, ix{d,        ^iso; wkqj& f,i kdulrKhg ,lalsrSu yd ta wdY%s; l:sld f.dvke.Su lrkq ,nhs. fï kdulrKh yd kduhka úúO whqrska fjkia lsrSu yd .e,mSu NdIdfõ ld¾h fõ. ikaê, úNla;s, ldrl wdoS jHdlrK m%fhda.j,ska flfrkqfha fï ix{d lD;h ix{dlrKfhka iajdëk fldgf.k úúO whqrska yeisrùug myiq lsrSuhs. th jvd;a meyeos,s lrkafka kï, wïud hk Yíoh fyj;a kdu moh w + ï + ï + wd hk wNHka;r ikaêùfuka jQ Yío tl;=jls. th úúO p,khkag ,lajk úg tys iajrEmh fjkia fõ. tkï ix{dlrKh fkdfyd;a mK we;s .eyekq if;la jQ wïud keue;s ix{dlrKfha ish¨ .=K fï ix{dlD;h ;=<g Wrd .kS.

wïud hk moh jHdlrKh ;=< ia;%S ,sx. fõ. th m%dKjdÖ fõ. th úúO yeisrSï m%ldY lsrSu ioyd wïud, wïudg, wïudf.a, wïudf.ka, wïfï wdoS f,i úNla;sj, jr kef.a. fuf,i NdIdj úiska m%lD;sh ix{d moaO;sh ;=<g imqrdu Wlyd .kshs. tfy;a tu ix{dlD;h tkï ieliqkq kdumoh l:sldjla f,i j¾Okh lsrSfï yelshdj we;af;a idys;Hhghs. ta wkqj idys;H úiska Ndú; lrk uQ,sl u fuj,u NdIdj fõ. NdId;aul lghq;= ish,a,la u yeoskaùug fmdÿfõ idys;Hh hk fhÿu Ndú; lrhs. kS;s fmd;a, úksuh f,aLK, úoHd;aul jd¾;d, b;sydi f;dr;=re wdosh o idys;H f,i fmdÿfõ yÿkajhs. tu f,aLK u.ska o hï kduhla jYfhka fjk;a l:sldjla iïmdokh lsrSfï yelshdj mj;S. tfy;a fmdÿfõ idys;Hh hkq mrsl,amkd;aul Ndj m%ldYkhs. Ñ;%mg, kdgH, .S;, hkdosh o idys;Hhg we;=,;afldg ;sfnkq oelsh yels uq;a tajdfha uqÞs; NdId;aul msgm; ñi tys èjks ix.; .dhkh fyda wNsrEmk .; rx.kh idys;H .Khg we;=,;a fkdfõ. Ñ;%mgfha msgm;, .S;fha moud,dj, kdgH msgm; wdosh idys;H .Khg we;=,;a fõ.

ñksia iudch úúO mrsirhkays oS tlu ix{dldrlh iuÕ úúO ix{dlD; u.ska .Kqfokq lrhs. bx.%Sis NdIdfõ ysu ioyd we;af;a jpk y;r myla muKSa. ^Snow, Sleet, Slush, Blizzard, Dusting, Avalanche) tfy;a tialsfuda NdIdfõ ta ioyd jpk 400la mj;sk nj fy<sù we;. tialsfudajre whsia iu. u cSj;ajkafkda fj;s. Tjqyq th l=vd, wkq l=vd j¾.SlrKhkag hg;a j kdulrKhg ,la lr;s. tialsfuda ixialD;sh ;=< ysu i|yd iqúi,a NdIdjla we;. tfy;a ysu ms<sno Tjqkaf.a l:sld ljf¾oehs f;dr;=re fkdokS. ysu ms<sno reishka kjl;d yd flál;d yryd ks¾ñ; l:sldj f,djmqrd m%p,s; j mj;S' ysu yd ñksia cSú; w;r in|;d ysu yd ne÷kq is;=ú,s tu l:d u.ska mejfik w;r ysu ms<sn| wmf.a l:sldj ks¾udKh fldg we;af;a fndyda fihska reishka idys;Hh u.sks'

l:sldj fndfydaÿrg m%lD;sfhka mrsndysr j j¾Okh fõ' th NdIdfõ we;s ks¾udKYS,S .=Kh Wmrsufhka Ndú; lrhs' th ix{dldrlfha ke;s .=K o Bg wdfrdamkh lsrSug iu;a fõ' WodyrKhla f,i m%cd;ka;%jdoh hkak .; yels h' th ixl,amhls' tys .S%l yd bkaoshdkq iïNjh ;=< mej;s .=Kh jqfha —ishÆ fokdf.a leue;a;˜ hkakhs' wo o m%cd;ka;%jdoh ishÆ fokdf.a leue;a; f,i ks¾jpkh fõ' th Bg we;s l:sldjhs' tfy;a fuu l:sldfõ ix{dldrlh jk mj;akd m%cd;ka;%jdoh ^h:h& hkq jeä fokdf.a leue;a;hs' ke;fyd;a n,j;=ka fo;=ka fofkl=f.a leue;a;hs. m%Odk mlaI kdhlhkag wjYH mqoa.,hka wfmalaIlhka f,i bosrsm;a fõ' ienE jYfhka jeä fokd leu;s lsisfjla tys fkd isákjd úh yels h' ta wfmalaIlhka w;=rska Wml%uYS,S u mqoa.,fhla ch.%yKh lrhs' ch.%yKh fkd l< mssrsi iq¿;rhhs' Tjqkaf.a leue;a;g ljr fyda bvla ke;' jd¾.sl" wd.ñl wdoS w¾nqoj, foaYmd,k uQ,h fï m%cd;ka;%jdofha h:d meje;afï iajNdjhhs' tfy;a tys l:sldj jkqfha m%cd;ka;%jdoh hkq ish¿ fokdf.a leue;a; h hkakhs' h:h yd l:sldj w;r fjki fldf;laoehs fï WodyrKfhka fmfka'

idys;Hlrejd Ndú; lrkqfha NdIdfõ we;s fï iajhx l%shdldrS .=Khhs' il= weÿrka mejiQ wkaoug idys;Hh NdIdfõ ;j;a tla jHdmdrhls' tys m%Odk Ndú;hka ;=kla èjksjdoSka úiska ^ wdkkao j¾Okhkaf.a èjkHdf,dalh& y÷kd .kq ,nhs'

 tkï jdpHd¾:",laIHd¾: yd èjks;d¾: jYfhks' <uhd" wïud" .i hk jia;= i|yd tu jpkh Ndú; lsrSu jdpHd¾:h hs' YíofldaIlrejka Ndú; lrkqfha fï .=Khhs' tfy;a mjik jofkys fjk;a wre;la ckkh jqjfyd;a th ,laIHd¾:h hs' ldjH fYaLrfha neñKsh zzfidÿre irfKl fuud wdfha˜ hS mjihs' kdls nuqKd iu. meñK Tyqf.ka jk .eyeg fkd bjid bka mSä; j mjik fï jofkys we;af;a ,laIHd¾:hhs' uu yrs u.=,l ;uhs wdfõ'''''''' óg jvd fydohs f.or kdls jqkdkï'''''''''''''hkak fuys wre;hs' idys;Hlrejd ri ckkh i|yd Ndú; lrkqfha NdIdfõ fuu jHdmdrh fkdfõ' th WÉpdrKfha èjksh fjkia lsrSu fyda wx. iduH u.ska we;s lrk úlD;s w¾: iajNdjhls' —ta ñksyd uy f.dfkla ˜ hkqfjka lS úg f.dkd kue;s i;d ;=< we;s wkqjKlu kue;s .=Kh fï ñksid ;=< o we;ehs mejfihs' th wx. iduHhls' idys;Hlrejd NdIdfõ we;s jHxckd Yla;sh Ndú; lrhs' tkï tys we;s l:sldjla, ixialD;shla ks¾udKh lsrSfï yelshdj Ndú; lrhs' èjksjdoSkaf.a m%lg WodyrKh jk         —ඟxඟd hx fidaId(˜ fkdfyd;a —ඟxඟd kï ඟfඟa f.dmÆ f.j,a ˜hkak úuiqjfyd;a" ඟfඟys f.j,a ;sìh fkd yels h' tajd j;=rska úkdY jk fyhsks' tfy;a Õ. winv ;sìh yels h' f,dal md,l foúhkaf.a .%S lDIaK wj;drh f.dmÆ fõIhla olajhs' jiaovq rdjh;a, Wkq flfrk lsrs iqjo;a Õ. winv ;K W<d lk .j /< yd ks,a, ks,k l=i ;K m;a  u; ieos msKs we;srs,a, yd Bg udhsï jQ rkajka m%,sk ;,dfõ oiqk;a Õ. winv m¿ m, u,a iisrs ;=re jÿÆ msi tk uo uo iq<Õ;a ñksia misÿrka u tlúg we| ne| .kS' fï fidnd fidÿre .=K l| tl meyer ukig ms<smka l,ays we;s jkqfha Ydka; iqkaor rihls' th ksrdñi úkaokhla fõ' th ඟxඟd kï Õ. yd f.dmÆ f.j,a hk mo fol wdY%s; yeඟ=ï tla fldg ;ekQ kj ixl,amhls' th Õx.d kï ඟඟg we;s w¾:h;a f.dm¿ f.j,aj,g we;s w¾:h;a tl meyer fjkia fldg kdjH jQ wre;la imhhs. th NdIdfõ we;s jHdxckd .=Kh f,i il= weÿfrdaa oelajQy. th idys;Hfha oS NdIdj Ndú; lrk wdldrh jk nj Tjqyq jeäÿrg;a mejiQy.

idys;Hlrejd NdIDj Ndú; lrkqfha jd¾;dlrefjl= NdIdj Ndú; lrk w¾:fhka fkdfõ.  fuyeÿre irÉpkaඳ%hkaf.a my; WodyrK ie,ls,a,g .ksuq.

—ud W;aijhg f.dia fudfgda rsfhka neiai ú.iu Wvrg idrs ye|f.k isá ;reKsfhda mia fofkla wdpdr iïmkak ú,dYfhka u| iskdfjka hq;=j ud foig wdjdyqh. Tjqkafka tlshla ;u wf;ys jQ u,aou uf.a lfrys me<ÿjdh. ˜

fuh hï isoaêhla W;a;u mqreI oDIAáfhka jd¾;d lsrSuls. fujeks rpkd idys;H jYfhka ye|skaúh fkdfya. th u fu mrsoafoka o mejish yels h.

—ud W;aijhg f.dia uf.a fudfgda r:fhka wj;S¾K jQ ú.i u f,f,k kre máka hq;a Tirsfhka ieriS yqka ,,kdfjda mia fofkla uql=¿ iskd mdñka ud foig wdjdyqh. Tjqka w;r fojÕkl rE we;s tla rEmsldjla u,aoï hqj,lg n÷ jQ fldau, oE; uf.a f.,jgd hjd, ;j;a u,a oulska uf.a lr me<ekaÿjdh.˜

fuh tu isÿùu w;sjvd Tcjvd lSuls. th idys;Hh .Kfha,d jefÜ. th w;sfYdala;sh kue;s jekqï uඟg w,xldrjdoh wkqj .efka. th ySfkdala;s fldg mejish yels h. ta fufiahs,

—uu Tjqkaf.a f;dúf,g .sys,a, ld¾ tflka neiai yeáfhu idrs fldgj,a ojgf.k ysgmq fl,af,d rxpqjla úrs;a;f.k ud osydjg ÿjf.k wdj. tla fl,a,la uf.a fn,af, .erçfhla T;kj jf.a u,a ud,djla f.ke,a, uf.a lr Wv w; wersh.˜

fuh o idys;Hh .Khg jefÜ. th jd¾;djla fkdfõ. th hï Ndj m%ldYkhls. rplhd ;=< jQ cq.=maidj fuys m<g fõ. cq.=maidj ia:dhs Ndjhls. th mdol fldgf.k NSn;ai ri Wmosk nj Nr;uqKsyq kdgH Ydia;%fha ri iQ;%fhys foaYs;hy.

fo jeks WoD;fha oelafjk ufkdaNdj m%ldYkh tkï w;sfYdala;sh bj;alr tu ufkdaNdjh o jd¾;d l< yels h. tjeks jd¾;djlska yeÕSï ckkh fkdfõ.

— ud meñKs ú.i u uf.a oEig yuqjQ o¾YKh ksid uf.a is; m%S;sfhka mskd .sfha h. ta hqj;shkaf;a ydj Ndj ú,dih ud jiÕ lsrSfuys iu;a úh. Tjqka uf.a lf¾ u,a oula oud ug u,afmdl=rla msrskeuQ úg uf.a ikaf;daIh l+g m%dma; ù ud ;=< uy;a wNsudkhla o yg .;af;ah.˜

fuys yeÕSu jd¾;d fldg we;. joka jef,ys tu yeÕ=ï nyd ke;. —ug yrshg ÿl ys;=kd˜  lshQ új wkHhkag ÿl fkdisf;a. tfy;a tu ÿl yeÕSula f,i mjioa oS th wka y|j;aj,g oefka. y|j;aj,g oefkk .=Kh ksid idys;Hh úIfhys jQ i.hka iyDohka fkdfyd;a iu y|j;a we;a;jqka hk kñka il= we÷frda y÷kaj;s. hfYdaordjg ÿl ys;=kdhhs lúhd fkdlshhs. weh ,jd fuf,i ÿl .,dhkakg i,iajhs.

ysufha f.diska u,a hykl ksokj            o

fldu< wk.s isrsmd fol rsfokj             o

ysfÕa ke;sj foúfhda uqr lrkj              o

uf.a we;a rcqks ysñ wo fld;ekl            o

lef,a ;sfnk fldhs foaj;a ri fõ           jd

uf,a nure f,i msrsjr we;s fõ               jd

wõfõ ;sfnk /ia ud,d wvq fõ               jd

.õfjka .õj osj ud,s. iEfoa                 jd

hfYdaordj mjik fï lsisjla isÿy;=kag fkd ,efnk nj wms oksuq. u,a hyka jkfha ke;. fldf;la rsÿk o w;amd ;jd ikykakg oeis oiqka jkfhys ke;. uqrldjÆka ke;s fyhska foúhkag tu ld¾hh Ndr fõ. fld;rï ySk j .sh o wehg kï isaoaOd¾:hka ;ju;a we;a rfcla id iqúi,a h. lef,a ri lsisjla ke;. msrsjro lsisfjla ke;. wõ /ia wvqjkafka o ke;. .õfjka .õj osjud<s. ;nd .ia fijkla yer wka uqjdjla o ke;. tfy;a fuu ishÆ iem ,efíjdhs weh m;hs. ;ue yer .sh o wE ;=< jQ fmfuys wvqjla fkdjqyhs oefkk úg mdGlhd ;=< oDV fidal fõokd we;sfjhs. bka Tyq lreK rih ,en .kS.

fï whqrska idys;H hkq NdIdfõ tla jHdmdrhla nj fmfka. ni yqÿj yeÕSï úrys; j Ndú; l< úg jd¾; ìysfõ. yeÕSï iys; j ni yiqrejk l,ays th idys;Hh fõ. idys;Hlrejd nfiys we;s ix{dlD;j,g cSjh fohs. th w¾: yd yeÕSïj,ska mqrjhs. zzwdorhzz kue;s ix{dj wre;aj,ska mqrjd th W;=ï udkj .=Khla f,i l:sld .; lf<da idys;Hh lrefjda h. th ffjrh, l=rsrelu. jeks krl .=Kj, m%;smlaIhla f,i ixialD;sh ;=< ix.%y lf<da idys;Hlrefjda h.

iudc l:sld ks¾udKfha oS idys;Hlrejd iqúi,a fufyhla bgqlrhs. udlaishdkq iïNdIKh ;=< idys;Hlrejka iudc tacka;hka f,i ms<sf.k we;af;a tfyhsks. w,a;=i¾ oelajQ —oDIaájdoS rdcH fuj,ï˜ .Kfha,d o idys;Hlrejd .sKsh yels h. w¾:j, whs;sjdislï we;af;da Tjqyq h. l:sld f.dvk.kafka o Tjqka u fõ. tfyhskau l%s.j.7-8 ;rï wE; Ndr;fhys úiQ èjkHdf,dalh kï lD;sh rpkd l< wdkkao j¾Okhkaf.a W;a;u NdIs;hl l=ur;=ඟ=           uqKsoiqkaf.a mrsj¾;kh fufia olajhs.

f;rla fkdue;s lõ            ii    f¾

uy nUq lúhd                          ú;     f¾

Tyq rsis hu f;l               yeis    f¾   

uq¿ f,dj ta w;g              ye      f¾

th kï ienEjla u fõ. l:sldj ms<sn| .eUqrska yodrkafkl=g idys;Hlrejka fldf;la kï fïf,dj yiqrejk n,h iys; jQjka oehs jegfykq we;.

wdY%s; .%ka:(

1.      NIdfõ iïNjh yd ixialD;sl uqyqKQjr  - fla. tka. ´. O¾uodi ^97-126 ms.&

2.      NdId wOHhkh yd isxy, jHjydrh       - úu,a. cS. n,.,a,   ^40-53&

3.      fy, jyr yd ikaksfõokh               - r;ak úfca;=x. ^23-28 msgq&

4.      idys;H úoHdj                              - tosrsùr irÉpkaÞ ^1-36&

5.      l,dj yd ú[a[dKjdoh                   - iqprs; .ï,;a ^rijdoh, èjksjdoh &

6.      idys;H l,d wdosh .ek                    - iqprs; .ï,;a ^ 39-49 &

7.      hfYdaordj; ixia.                          - iqprs; .ï,;a , B.ta.úl%uisxy

8.      Discourse, D.Howarth (2002) New Delhi, viva books – (1-14 p.p.)