isxy, fjiauqyqKq kdglfha ^flda,fï& l=, uq,a
uydpd¾h chka; wurisxy
iuka .tï ldßhlrjk
fjiauqyqKq
kdgl fyj;a flda,ï kdglh ,xldfõ ol=Kq yd ngysr fjr< ;Srfha my;rg m%foaYj,g
muKla wdfõksl jQ .eñ kdgl úfYaIhls. flda,ï kdgHfha wkkH;d ,laIK kï fjiauqyqKq me<`o keàu,my;rg fnrh yd fydrKEj jdokh lsÍu, ish¨ pß; msßñka u muKla r`. ±laùu, §¾> mQ¾j rx.hla yd fmdÿ md;%hka msßilf.ka hqla; ùu1,mQ¾j rx.hg miq l;djia;= tlla fyda folla r`. ±laùu2 wdÈh hs.
,xldfõ
ck j¾. ms<sn`o wOHhkh l< tï.ã.rd>jka
úúO ck úfYaIhka yd ne`ÿkq l,d Ys,am ms<sn`o j o wOHhkh fldg we;.fidlß kdglh yd lskakr f.da;%h w;r we;s iïnkaOh ms<sn`oj;a
^1951(237-248& flda,ï kdglh yd lrdj l=,h w;r we;s iïnkaOh;a ^1961& tf,i
rd>jkaf.a wOHhkhg ,la jQ úfYaI lreKq w;r jeo.;a ;ekla .kshs3.
flda,ï
kdglh i`oyd fnfyúka u m%p,s; m%foaYh f,i 1960 oYlh jk úg mej;sfha wïn,kaf.dv hs.rd>jka ish wOHhk lrk wjêfha wïn,kaf.dv lrdj l=,fha msßia
w;r ishjia .Kkla mqrd mej;=Kq flda,ï kdgH iïm%odhl ,laIK ±lsh yels úh. rd>jka wïn,kaf.dv lrdj l=,h yd flda,ï l,dj w;r fmkajk ,o
iïnkaOh .eUqre úuiqulg ,la lsÍu;a wïn,kaf.dv wdYs%; flda,ï kdgH l,dfõ l=, miqìu
y`ÿkd .ekSu;a hk lreKq flf¾ fï wOHhkh fhduq fõ. ta wkqj flda,ï kdglh lrdj l=,hg iïnkaO jQjla o@ iïnkaO ù kï
tfia jQfha flfiaa o@ hkak yd th rd>jka olajk f,i lrdj l=,hg muKla iïnkaO
l,djla o@ hk uQ,sl .eg`M ksrdlrKh lsÍu fuu m¾fhaIKfha wruqK hs.
úúO
úIh lafIa;% ;=< flda,ï kdgH l,djg wod< j ix.%y ù we;s idys;H uq,dY% fï
m¾fhaIKh i`oyd Ndú;hg .eksK.
tfuka u ,xldfõ iudc b;sydih ms<sn`oj we;s ft;sydisl yd iudc úoHd;aul lreKq
we;=<;a .%ka: /il lreKq fï i`oyd Wmfhda.S lr .eksK.
flda,ï Ys,amSka yd ta ms<sn`o ±Kqula
we;s mqoa.hka 8 fofkl= iu`. meje;ajQ iuQL idlÉPdj,ska ,nd .;a lreKq o m¾fhaIKh
i`oyd fhdod .eksK.
idlÉPd i`oyd mqoa.,hka ;SrKh lsÍfï § ysufnda,
ksheÈ l%uh Ndú;hg .eksK.
ysu fnda, ksheÈh hkq m%:ufhka idlÉPdjg iïnkaO lr.kakd whf.ka ,o f;dr;=re u;
mokï j fo jeks ;=kajeks mqoa.,hska ;SrKh lsÍu hs. ysufnda,hla fuka l%ufhka lreKq /ia fjñka m¾fhaIKh úYd, ùu
fuys we;s ,laIKh hs. iuQL
idlÉPdj,g wu;r j ÿrl:k idlÉPd yd fjí wvú o o;a; ,nd .ekSfï uQ,dY% f,i Ndú; flßK.
fldaÜfÜ
wjêhg miq ,xldfõ l=, ixhq;sh yd lrdj l=,h
isxy,
iudcfha mej;s yd mj;sk l=, úúO;ajh ms<sn`o l< wOHhk /ila ;sfí.hqfrdamSh m`äjreka úúO wjêj,
ta ms<sn`o l< j¾.SlrKhka ish,a, uydpd¾h n%hsia rhka úiska
ixlaIsma; f,i olajd we;^1993(65-72&.isxy, l=, l%uh ms<sn`o wdkkao l=udriajdñ olajk woyi fufia
h. zzisxy,fhda wE; w;S;fha mgka ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ øÑvhka yd fkdlv
jQ lsÜgq iïnkaOhla we;s j úiQy.tfyhska
wmg isxy,hka w;r olakg ,efnkafka wd¾hhkaf.a l=, fNaoh fkdj øúv l=, fNaoh
hsZZ^1962(20&ol=Kq bkaoshdfjka ixl%uKh jQ úúO f.da;% miqld,Sk j isxy, iudch
;=< úúO l=, f,i Ôj;aùu ±lsh yels nj uydpd¾h rhka o ikd: lrhs(Ryan,1993:11)
l=udriajdñ yd rhka hk fo fokd u olajk
lreKqj,ska meyeÈ,s jkqfha ,xldfõ l=, ixhq;sh ol=Kq bka§h ixl%uKj,ska fmdaIs; j
we;s nj hs. uOHld,Sk
,xld iudch wOHhkh l< uydpd¾h weï.î wdßhmd,,oUfoKs
wiafkys ±lafjk ;;a wjêfha hqO fiakdfõ mej;s l=, ixhq;sh ms<sn`o úia;r olajd
we;.tys jD;a;Ska yd ld¾hhka wkqj fjkia jk l=, 57la olajd we;.tys n,sn;=fjda yd ld,s kgkafkda jYfhka
jD;a;slhka fo msßila o olajd we;.hqoaOhg hk msßi fjkqfjka Wm fiajdjka meje;ajQ fo msßila f,i
fudjqka o; yels h.
fï fo msßi .%y mQcd mj;ajk msßi yd ld,s hlskaksh i`oyd mQcd mj;ajk wh f,i y`ÿkd
.; yels h. ^1956(161-166&.
ta l=, w;r lrdj l=,h yuq fkd ùu jeo.;a fõ.zzisxy, iudc ixúOdkhZZ lD;sfhys l=, l%uh ia:dmkh ùu
ms<sn`o m%dudKsl kHdhsl wOHhkhla /,a*a mSßia úiska lr we;.
kS;s ks>Kavqj yd ckjxYfhys ±lafjk
lreKq o wjOdkhg .ksñka isxy, l=, l%ufha miqìu Tyq ú.%y lrhs.^1964(181-190&.Tyqf.a wOHhkhg ,lajk uykqjr wjêh jk úg lrdj l=,h m%Odk
l=,hla f,i olakg yels h. fï
ish,a,kaf.a u wOHhkj,ska lrdj l=,hg fldaÜfÜ wjêhg tyd hk b;sydihla ke;s nj ikd:
fõ.
lrdj l=,h meñKSfuka miq th wvq l=, w;r
m%uqLia:dkhg meñKs wdldrh /,a*a mSßia úia;r lrkqfha fufia h,zzkjkaokakd l=,h ySk l=, w;r m%uqLia:dkfhys ,d oy y;ajk
ishjfia § ms<s.kq ,eìK. óg ishjia tlyudrlg miq j fâõ úiska ilia lrk ,o f,aLkh wkqj
ySk l=, w;r m%Odk jQfha lrdj l=,h hs.tfy;a wdpdß l=,h ySk l=, w;r uq,a ;ek .;a nj we;eï flfkl=f.a
u;h jQ neúka lrdfõ m%uqL;ajh újdohg Ndckh j mej;s neõ fmfka.
Tjqkaf.a .re kïnq yd ;k;=re ms<sn`o
ish úia;rfha § lrdj l=,h .ek fkdlaia úiska kdu ud;% i`oykla mjd fkd lr ;sîu
jeo.;s. lrdj
l=,slhka jdih lf<a uykqjr rc;=udf.a wdêm;Hhg mßndysr j msysá ´,kao m%foaYj,
h.
tfy;a uykqjr hq.fha wmrNd.fha § zzu;aiH
urKfhys kshqla; j mõ l< neúka ZZ tu wjêh f;la my;a hehs iïu; jQ lrdj
l=,slhka rcjrekg ¨Kq yd lrj, iemhQ neúka tu l=,hg Wiia ;;ajhla ,enqfka h.
uqyqÿlrfhka m<d f.dia Wvrg mÈxÑ
jQjka,ud¾.
wjysr lsÍfï ,kafoais m%;sm;a;sh ksid w;s jeo.;alula .;a uäf. fyj;a m%jdyK ld¾hdxYhg
we;=<;a lr .kakd ,ÈZZ^1964(188&. fldaÜfÜ wjêfhka miq ,xldfõ l=, yd tys Oqrdj,sh ms<sn`o fliaie,af,k
isxy kue;af;l= úiska rpkd l< ck jxih kï isxy, ldjHh wkqj hñka
l=udriajdñ lrk úia;rh fï wjêfha mej;s l=, úúO;ajh ms<sn`o ukd Ñ;%hla iïmdokh
lrhs.
ckjxih wkqj l=, mßmdáh ;=< f.dú.u, lrdj yd fnrj l=, ia:dk.; jkqfha my; mrsos h.^1&f.dúfhda^ykaÿrefjda - fkdlaiaf.a fydkav%Eia -
fj,a,d,fhda,
f.dúfhda&. ^11&.lrdfjda^ud¨ w,a,kafkda& ^13&.fnrjdfhda^;+¾hjdolfhda, frÈ úhkafkda, fndfydaúg
kele;sfhda& tys 26 jk fyj;a wjika l=,h pKavd,fhda fj;s^f.ß uia lkafkda,li, fYdaOlfhda&ZZ ^1962(20-21&.uykqjr wjêh jk úg l=, OQrdj,sfha lrdj l=,h 11 jk ia:dkfha
ia:dk.; ùug iu;a j we;.
tï.ã.rd>jkaf.a wOHhkh(4
“flda,ï l,djla f,i wo mj;akd úÑ;% ;;ajhg m;a ùug fndfyda
fihska u wïn,kaf.dv lrdj l=,fha wh w; wêhr lsysmhla u miq lr we;.fuys isák m%uqL;u Ys,amshd Ô.ví,sõ .wdßhmd, fõ.fï l,dj ms<sn`o fmdfydi;a Wreuhla wïn,kaf.dvg we;s w;r
úúO jhia uÜgïj, ñksiaiq fuys th m%.=K lr;s.”(1961:126p).
rd>jka
ish zzlrdjZZ lD;sfha vii mßÉfþoh
kï lr we;af;a iudc l,d ^Social Arts&hkqfjks.flda,ï,wïn,kaf.dv l,dj^The Kolam,The art of
Ambalangoda&
hk Wm ud;Dldj hgf;a fyf;u fï lreKq
idlÉpd lrñka flda,ï ms<sn`o È.= úia;rhla bÈßm;a lrhs(1961:125-132pp) rd>jka bÈßm;a lrk f;dr;=re flda,ï kdglh lrdj l=,fha
ixialD;sl wx.hla h hkak w`.jhs. flda,ug
wu;r j Tyq lrdj l=,h yd iïnkaO l,djla f,i kdv.ï ms<sn`o j o f;dr;=re bÈßm;a
lr we;. kdv.ï l,dj o lrdj l=,h w; j¾Okh jQ m%didx.sl l,djls.zzlf;da,sld.u me;sr .sh .ï m<d;aj, úúO m¾fhaIK l<
tâukaâ mSßia y,dj; ysgmq rdc.=re m%id§ka jykafia uq,a u isxy, kdv.u ,shk ,oafoa
y,dj; ñys`ÿ l=,iQßh .dì%fh,a m%kdkaÿ uqyqmamq uy;d úiskshs lshk fial.th mqrdK rc ;=kalÜgqjhs.ta mrmqf¾ Njf;l=f.a Èk fmd;l tys ld,h f,i l%sia;= j¾I 1746
i`oyka fõ.1751
§ ta rplhd u uß.sod kdv.u kñka ;j;a lD;shla lf<a hZZ^mSßia tâukaâ, 1958(10-14 Wmqgd .ekSu, ldßhjiï ;siai, 1979 (12&. ñys`ÿl=,iQßh, j¾Kl=< iQßh yd l=rel=, iQßh hk rc ;=kalÜgqj u lrdj l=,hg
wh;a fia ie,fla. rd>jkaf.a
woyi tâukaâ mSßia msh;=udf.a m%ldYfhka ;jÿrg;a ikd: fõ. flda,ï yd kdv.ï hk fï m%dix.sl l,d foj¾.h u lrdj l=,h yd
iïnkaO jk nj bka jegfya.
flda,ï
kegqï yd lrdj l=,h w;r iïnkaOh
flda,ï
kdglfha bka§h wdNdIh ms<sn`o rd>jka fu n`ÿ woyila olajhs.
zzflda,ï
meyeÈ,s j u hlaI weoySfuka cd; jQjls.ud tfia
ksYaph lsÍug fm<fTkqfha msáirno u,ndrfha we;s flda,ï ;=,a,d,a kï weoySu
ms<sn`o ud l< ksÍlaIK wkqjhs.flda,ï tu
hla weoys,a,g Rcq j Wreulï lsh hs.flda,ï
;=,a,d,a hkafkys jpkd¾:h jkqfha zzfjia j,d.;a kegquZZ hkakhs.th
wiqN n,mEïj,g tfrys j msáirno u,nd¾ jeis hleÿrka úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk hla kegqï
W;aijhls.wj;dr
f,i iudfrdams; úldr rEmS we`ÿula k`Mfjda y`È;s.fjiauqyqKq
mqjla fld,m;aj,ska r`M iajNdjhg ilid .;a tajd fõZZ.(1961:125-126pp).
flda,ï
;=,a,d,a ms<sn`o wdpd¾h weï.tÉ..=K;s,l
o úia;r olajd we;.
Tyq olajk f;dr;=re fufia h.zzflda,ï
;=,a,,a hs ye`Èkafjk kegqï úfYaIhla wo olajd ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ flar< m%foaYfhys
Ndú; fjhs. weï.ã.rd>jka ^1964(129& uy;d o rd.skS foaúh^1966(48& o
fuu kegqï l%uh úia;r lr;s.flar<fha flda,ï ;=,a,,a jQ l,S wk¾:lr n,fõ.hkaf.ka
wdrlaIdj i,id,k jD; pdß;%hls hs rd>jka uy;d mjihs. tneúka th wdrlaIl hd;=l¾uhl iajrEmh .KS. úfYaIfhka ud¾;= udih ueo yßfha § we/fUk flda,ï ;=,a,,a jQ
l,S ld,s foaj ud;dj wrla .;a fldaú,aj, meje;afjk kegqï jkafka h.
cqks udifha ueo Nd.h olajd u fï kegqï
mj;S. ta
ld,h we;=<; uq`M fmfoi u mQfcda;aijhl isß Wiq,hs.
rd.skS foaúh mjik yeáhg ld,sud;djf.a
N+;d;auhka ksfhdackh lrk fia fjia uqyqKq ,d .;a k`Mfjda úkdYl N+;hka m<jd
yeÍfï wkqlrKd;aul kegqïys fhfo;sZZ^.=K;s,l,weï.tÉ,1968(23-24&.
flda,ï
kdgHh yd ld,s weoySu ms<sn`o úu¾Ykhl fhfok iS.o.tia. l=,;s,l úiska fï flda,ï;=,a,d,a kdgl fjfii ms<sn`oj;a th
,xldfõ ngysr fjr<;Srhg ixl%uKh ùu ms<sn`oj;a woyia olajhs. zziYH iïm;a j¾Okh lr
.ekSu i`oyd flar<fha mj;ajd we;s zflda,ï ;=,a,d,a Zkegqï fjiauqyqKq
me<`o.;a zfõod¾Z ia;%Ska úiska mj;ajd we;.fuys § ld,s foj`.k fuka fjiaj,d .ekSug fuu fjia uqyqKq
me<`of.k ;sfí. bka§h
weoySïj, ia;%S kegqï meje;aùu iEu úg u iY%Sl;ajh i`oyd jQ hd. W;aijhkays
pdß;%hls ^1968(28&
zz
fldaÜfÜ 6 jk merl=ïndjkaf.a igkaj,g flar<fhka f.kajd .kq ,enQ fid,aodÿjka
my; rg m%foaYhkays mÈxÑ lrjkq ,eî h. my;rg uqyqÿlrfha mej;s ld,s fldaú,a fudjqka i`oyd ù hhs
isf;a.
iYH M, ,nd .ekSug flar<fha mj;ajkq
,enQ flda,ï;=,a,d,a kegqï fuu fldaú,aj, o mj;ajkakg we;ZZ^tu(29&.
i
jeks merl=ïndf.a ld,fha flar<fhka f.kajQ fin,qka ms<sn`oj;a Tjqka mosxÑ
l< ia:dk yd ,xldfõ lrdj l=,fha wdrïNh ms<sn`oj;a je,s.u iqux.,
f;rekakdkafia merKs mqiafld< fmd;la wdY%fhka fu jeks ú.%yhla lrhs.
zzfldaÜfÜ
kqjr Y%S m%dl%undyq uy rcdkka rdcHh lrk ld,fhys uqlalr hk kï we;s i;=re
fiakdjla wjq;a mq;a;,u w;a lr .;af;da h. tl,ayS m%dl%undyq rc-ldxÑmqr-ldfõß mÜgku-lS,lalf¾ hk fï rg
;=kg ,shqï hjd fiakdj 7740 la f.kajd uqlalr fiakdj mrojd mq;a;,fï fldgqj meyer
.;af;a h.ta
fiakdjg m%Odk j wdjd jQ whjq¨kaf.a kï o fmfka.tkï jÉpkdÜgq foaj; o,l=rel=,kdÜgq foaj; o,udkslal ;,fõka o,wÈ wri wvmam Wkakefya o j¾KiQßh wvmam Wkakefya o,l=rel=,iQßh uqÈhkafia o,w¾Yl=,iQßh uqÈhkafia o,wriks, bÜg uqÈhkafia o,wdrÉÑjre 18 fofkla o hk fudjqyq h.
fï hqoaOfha § udkslal;,fõka lshk
uq,doEks ;ek uqlalreks úiska fy,k ,o nj fuu fmdf;ys fmfka.
uqlalreka úiska udKslal;,fõka fy,k ,±hs
- ihsuka ldYs fIÜá Wkakefya o ,shd ;sfí. uqlalreka mrojd hqoaoOfhka ÈkQjkag i;=gq jQ rÊcqrejka úiska
- ueÈkafkdarej, wdkT,kaodj,
uqkafkaiairu,
lïu,, ;Urdú,, yqKqmsáfha ùÈh, fmßhduq,af,a ùÈh, lïu,ùÈh, fldf<dïmsá uy ùÈh, je,af,a ùÈh, l=rK ùÈh, ó f.duqj, hk bvï ;U ikakia iu`. fok ,±hs lshd o,
rdjK fldäh,
br i`o fldäh, ulrhd fldäh hk fï wd§ fkdfhla f.!rj ,o nj fmfka ZZ^tia.iqux.,
ysñ,je,s.u,1876:60&.fou< l=, l%uh ms<sn`o ú.%yhl fhfok ihsuka ldYs fpÜá
úiska l=, wgl msßia zz uiqka urK iy Tre mÈk úúO f.da;% -
fudjqka idudkHfhka l=re jxYslhka f,i
ye`Èkafõ;
tkï l=re .%yhdf.ka ke;fyd;a
n%yiam;Sf.ka mejf;k l=,h hkakhs ”(1834:223p)hkqfjka olajd we;. fou< l=, l%uh ;=< o l=re l=,h ^fl!rj jxYh& uiqka
ueÍu yd iïnkaO nj bka fmfka. Tyq
zz,xldfõ uqlalreZZ (The mookwas of Ceylon) hk ud;Dldj hgf;a ,xldfõ lrdj l=,h jHdma; ùu ms<sn`o ;j;a
f;dr;=re i`oyka lrwe; (1834:276p).
fu f,i meñKs lrdj l=,h fldaÜfÜ rdcOdks
iuh jk úg ,xldfõ ëjr l¾udka;fha fhfok m%Odk ck msßi njg m;a úh. úu,O¾uiQßhf.a .nvd .ula jQ wïn,kaf.dv o Tjqkag jdi N+ñ ù
we;af;a th fyd`o lrÈh ëjr m%foaYhla jk fyhsks. fï flar<jdiSka ld,s uEKshka woyk msßia úh.
wïn,kaf.dv m%foaYfha o merKs ld,s
fldaú,a ;snQ nj i`oyka fõ ^l=,;s,l,iS.o
tia.,1968(29&.fnka;r
m%foaYfha mej;s ld,s fldaú, ms<sn`o mfrú ikafoaYfhaa i`oyka jkafka fufia h.
rka ;eá whqre ke.= mska msfhdjqre Wmq ,
u;a meá lrk w`.kka r`. fok bms ,
Wkaieá n,d isá if<¨ka fkd mE we ,
fnkaf;dg fkfkr ie;fmj ld<s fldaú , ^68 moHh&
fnka;r ld,s fldaú, ms<sn`o ukd
úia;rhla wd;¾ chj¾Ok úiska o lr we;^1884:434-439 pp&.
fï fldaú,aj, È.af.a k¾;kh n`ÿ ia;%S k¾;khka mej;s nj by; moHfhka meyeÈ,s fõ.uq,a wúêfha flda,ïj, o mxp kdß >g kñka ia;%S k¾:k fjfiila
mej;s nj le,fõf.a flda,ï msgm; wkqj fmfka ^42 lúfha isg 49 olajd moH,45-46 p.p&.È.af.a k¾:kh iajfoaYsl hlaI jkaokfhys fhfokakka w;r mej;s
pdß;%hls.
^l=udr,jika;,1990:46-48 p.p&. fï
kegqu m¾fgda,aâf.a wjêfha ^1930& ia;%S we`ÿï we`o.;a msßñka mia fofkl= úiska kegQ nj fyf;u olajhs^1973(80&.flar<fha
flda,ï;=,a,d,a kegqu;a ,xldfõ hlaI
f.da;%slhkaf.a È.af.a kegqu;a hk fol u ia;%Ska úiska l< tajd fõ.,xldfõ ld,s fldaú,a flar<fha isg meñKs fï fin¨ka yd
iïnkaO fõ. fldaÜfÜ
wjêhg fmr o ,xldfõ ld,s weoySu ;sî we;.5 ld,s weoySu jvd m%p,s; j we;af;a fï flar<jdiSkaf.a meñKSu;a
iu.sks. tksid u ld,s fldaú,a jHdma; j we;af;a my;rg ngysr fjr<
fyda Bg wdikak m%foaYj, hs.
flar<fha flda,ï;=,a,d,a keàu Y%S
fi!Nd.Hh Wfoid mj;ajkakls. th
tys mj;ajkqfha ia;%Ska úisks.
tfy;a flar<fha isg ,xldjg meñKsfha fid,aodÿjka jQ msßñka muKs. ia;%Ska fuys meñKs j.la i`oyka fkd fõ.tfyhska ld,s fldaú,aj, isxy, ia;%Ska kegqï mj;ajk úg fï
ia;%Ska újdy lrf.k isá flar<jdiS msßñ flda,ï;=,a,d,a ;uka úiska u keàfuka
flda,fï werUqu isÿjQjd úh yels h. uq,a wjêfha mxpkdß >g jeks k¾;k ;snqK o tjeks fjia
uqyqKla fyda b;sß j we;s nj jd¾;d ù we;af;a ñßiafia Wvqms, l,d ix.uhg wh;a fjia
uqyqKqj, muKs ^n,kak(irÉpkaø,1999(240&.uq,ska yqÿ kegqula muKla jQ flda,u miq j .dhkhg wkqj flfrk ksrEmKhka
njg j¾Okh ù we;s nj fmfka. flda,ï
kegqfï we;s mo ish,a, u hla f;dú,aj,ska .;a tajd fõ.WodyrK f,i fyajd flda,fï jfÜ hk úg jhk mo ikakshl=fï ßÍ hld
i`oyd jhk mo u fõ.ikakshl=fï
hyka lúj, tk úIaKq foúhkaf.a lúj,g jhk moh u flda,fï .=re,d i`oyd jhhs^fkdanÜ,2014.02.25&. ikakshl=fï
ÿkq md,sfha mo u isxy flda,u i`oyd o jefha.uqo,s flda,fï .uka;d,hg jefhk mo .sß foaúh i`oyd Ydka;sl¾uj,
fhfok mo u h ^m;auisß, 2014.02.11&.
fcdaka le,fõ(John
Callaway) ish wOHhkh lr we;af;a 1829g fmr .d,aaf,a ;,dmsáfha ;snQ
flda,ï msgm;la wkqj h. le,fõf.a
wOHhkhg ,la jQ ;,dmsáfha flda,ï kdgHlrejd fnrjd l=,hg
wh;a wfhls. ta ms<sn`o le,fõf.a igyk fufia h. “ fuu
ld¾hhg iïnkaO ùfï §,fï lúj,ska we`.fjk fjiauqyqKqj, lgq igyka we`o
.ekSfï wruqfKka fodka ksfld,ia fmf¾rd o legqj uu kej; kej; .d,a, ;,dmsáfha fnr
jhkakkaf.a m%Odkshd yuqùug .sfhñ...fjia uqyqKq mÍlaId lsÍfuka wk;=re j hla kegqïj,
§ Ndú; lrk fjia uqyqKq ms<sn`o úuiQ úg Tyq mejiqfõ hd;=l¾u iu`. Tjqka lsisÿ
iïnkaOhla ke;s njhs.”(1829:x).fï Ys,amshd le,fõ olajk f,i fnr jhkakkaf.a m%Odkshd h. tfy;a Tyq f;dú,a iu`. lsisÿ iïnkaOhla ke;s nj mjihs. fï wjêfha flda,u úfkdao kdglhla f,i r`. olajkakg we;. fudjqka Ydka;sl¾u iu`. iïnkaOhla fkd ;sfnkakg we;af;a
tfyhsks.1829 jk úg;a flda,ï kdglh fnrj l=,h w; o mej;s nj le,fõf.a
fï úia;rfhka meyeÈ,s fõ.
1930 wjêfha flda,ï wOHhkh l< Tgdl¾
m¾fgda,aâ(Otaker Pertold) flda,ï pß; w;r fonia o we;s nj i`oyka lrhs(1973:66-67pp).
kdv.ïj, idudkHfhka fonia wju fõ.le,fõ msgmf;a fonia yuq jkafka wdrïNfha muKs.fonia tl= ùu kdv.ïj, wdNdIfhka isÿ jQ kùlrKhla hhs is;sh
yels h.
flda,u flar<fhka meñKs lrdj jxYsl
fin¨ka yd iajfoaYsl ckhdf.a úúO weoySï wx. ixl,kfhka werö, miqj mD;=.Sis ,kafoais yd bx.%Sis cd;Skaf.a wNdIh;a
lf;da,sl wd.u yd kdv.ï jeks iudc kdglhkaf.a wdNdIh;a we;s j j¾Okh jQjls.
ta wkqj tys nyq ixialD;sl wdNdIhla ±lsh
yels fõ.
le,fõ msgm;^1829& uy wïn,kaf.dv à.ví. .=Kodif.a
msgm;^1950- 60& yd ;siai ldßhjiï
úiska ukfï flda,u kñka m< fldg we;s 1980.01.26
Èk r;a;kmsáfha urKdOdr ió;sh yd 1985.06.07
Èk fi!kao¾h wOHhk wdh;kfha m¾fhaIK yd m%ldYk lñgqj ixúOdkh lrk ,o ukfï flda,ï
o¾Ykfha § fydalkaor f;dauia weâ,ska lmq uy;d m%Odk k`Mjka l< rx.h wdY%fhka
1986 § m< l< lD;sfha tk lreKq iei`¥ úg flda,ï kdaglfha l%ñl úldYkfha
iajrEmh y`ÿkd .; yels h.fï
msgm;a ;=fkka u th iudc hd;=l¾uhla f,i mej;s wdldrh ms<sn`o f;dr;=re o; fkd yels
h.
le,fõ msgmf;a fyajd flda,u i`oyd u
muKla ixjdo we;. wfkla
ish¨ pß; ixjdofha fkd fhfohs.tfy;a
.=Kodif.a msgm; yd ;siai ldßhjiï olajk úia;r wkqj flda,u b;d u m%didx.sl njla
,nd we;.tys wNspdrd;aul ,laIK we;af;a kdu ud;% jYfhka muKs.
flda,ï;=,a,d,a hla f;dú,a mD;=.Sis nd,a
kegqï lmsß[a[d ;d, iu.;a hqfrdamSh úfkdao ixialD;sh iu`.;a,kdv.ï yd kQ¾;sj, we;s iajNdúl rx. ffY,sh yd m%didx.sl nj;a
ld,dkq rEm j Bg tla j we;.t
ksid l,d udOHhla f,i yev.eiqkq flda,u tla ck j¾.hl wkkH;d ,laIK fmkakqï fkd
lrhs.
fï lreK jvd;a fyd`Èka jgyd .ekSug
wïn,kaf.dv gqlaldjvq flda,ï mrmqf¾ úldYkh ms<sn`o mÍlaId lr n,uq.
flda,u yqfola lrdj l=,fha l,djla o
ke;fyd;a th nyq ixialD;sl iïnkaOhla we;s l,djla o hkak bka fidhd .; yels h.
uy wïn,kaf.dv gqlaldjvq .=re mrïmrdj
1950 -60 oYlj, irÉpkaø yd tï.tÉ .=K;s,l úiska lrkq ,enQ wOHhkj,ska tjl wïn,kaf.dv flda,ï
kegqïj,g iïnkaO jQ l,dlrejka ms<sn`o f;dr;=re fidhd .; yels h. wïn,kaf.dv flda,ï kegqï mrïmrd folla fjhs.
ta fol kï gqlald jvq mrïmrdj yd cqjka
jvq mrïmrdj hs. fï wOHhkh
i`oyd gqlaldjvq mrïmrdj mdol lr .kq ,enQfha 1950 oYlfha isg fï .=re mrmqr
ms<sn`o úoaj;=ka /ila u lreKq ix.%y lr we;s ksid h.
fï mrmqr flda,ï kdgH ;ju;a mj;ajdf.k hk
w;r m%p,s; u flda,ï iïm%odhg Wreulï lshkafkda o fj;s. flda,ï ms<sn`o m%uqL u m¾fhaIlhd jQ irÉpkaø wOHhkh lr
we;af;a o fï .=re mrmqf¾ flda,ï h. 1948 wf.daia;= udifha ,xldjg ú;a gqlaldjvq .=Kodif.a flda,ï
kdgH krUd tjlg 80 úhe;s mE,sia o is,ajd o uqK .efik fnß,a o iQfÜ(Beryl
De Zoete) fï flda,ï lKavdhu ms<sn`o
igyka lrkqfha fu mrsÈ h.
“ish¨ keÜgqfjda mjqf,a wh fj;s.TjqyQ Wvrg m%foaYfha úúO fldka;rd;a lghq;=j, ksr; j isá;s.TjqyQ bÈ lrkafkda,fmof¾refjda,jvqfjda yd fjia uqyqKq ;kkafkda fj;s.Tjqka ol=Kq bka§h igkaldó f.da;%hla jk l=re jxYh kï l=,hg
wh;a fõ.Tjqka
jir fo oyilg muK fmr isxy, rcqf.a wdOdrhg f.kajd .kakd ,o l=,S fyajdhka hhs
is;sh yels h..”(1957:191).jir fo oyilg fmr hhs mejiSu w;sfYdala;shls.fudjqka u;lhg k.kafka o uqlalrygfka isoaêh hs.
fldaÜfÜ wjêfha lrdj l=,fha msßia rchg
iemhQ rdcldßh ^noao& jQfha jvq fiajh hs. ,S leghï yd ±juh Ys,am ms<sn`o TjqyQ olaIfhda jQy
^úu,dkkao, f;kakfldaka,1963(274&.b;d w,xldr yd j¾Kj;a fjia uqyqKq lemSu isÿ jQfha fï jvqjka
w;sks.
tfy;a flda,u kdglhla f,i j¾Okh ùug Bg
meÈ,
.ehqï ;d, yd kegqï fuka u jdok o tla
lrk ,oafoa fnrj l=,fha l,dlrejka úisks.
wïn,kaf.dv ysf¾j;af;a cqjkajvq flda,ï
mrmqr fjkqfjka o uy wïn,kaf.dv gqlaldjvq mrmqr fjkqfjka o flda,ï i`oyd fnr
jehSu,
fydrKE jdokh,
keàï yd .ehSï fjkqfjka o odhl ù we;af;a
fnka;r m%foaYfha fnrj l=, .ï folla jQ iqoaof.dv yd ;=kaÿj hk .ï fofla Ys,amSka
h ^m;auisß,2013.11.06
&.
iqoaof.dv fnrj l=, Ys,amSka msßilf.a
odhl;ajh we;s j f;añia chfialr yd ðkodi
chfialrf.a ueÈy;aùfuka 1940 - 1960 .Kkaj, fnka;r m%foaYfha o flda,ï yd flda,ï
uQKq iys; kQ¾;s ikao¾Yk mj;ajd we;. fnkaf;dg nyq;rhla fjfikqfha f.dú.u l=,fha msßia h.
Tjqka wd.u oyug fnfyúka we¨ï lr;;a
úfkdaohg t;rï Wkkaÿ jk ck msßila fkdfõ. m%idx.sl l,d ms<sn`o yelshdj yd Wkkaÿj fuka u Wreuhla
we;s fnrj l=,fha msßia tjeks u l,d risl;ajhla yd úfkdaoldó ixialD;shla iys;
wïn,kaf.dv lrdj l=, ckhd iu`. uqiq ùu isÿ j we;.
19 jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.fha isg u flda,ï
kdglh j¾Okh ùu i`oyd fï l=, fofla ixfhda.h fya;= ù we;.my; i`oyka 1 j.=fjka ±lafjkafka uy wïn,kaf.dv gqlaldjvq
mrmqf¾ flda,ï b;sydih iu`. iudka;r j fnkaf;dg iqoaof.dv yd ;=kaÿj m%foaYj, Ôj;a
jQ fnrj l=, l,dlrejkaf.a b;sydih úldYkh jk wdldrh hs. fuys ±lafjk fnrj l=, Ys,amSka gqlaldjvq mrmqr yd iïnkaO j
isá njg jd¾;d ù we;s msßi hs.
|
ld,h
|
fnka;r .=re mrmqr
|
uy wïn,kaf.dv .=re mrmqr
|
|
|
l%s.j 1800
uq,
|
iskao .=rekakdkafia
fnr jdokh,t<sh
.=rekakdkafia
|
à.ví.Thsksia
jvq rd<ydñ -1800 ld,h
tia.tÉ.´Èßia
à.ví.mE,sia
- uqo,s flda,u
wd¾.tï .odú;a
is[af[d
fla.tï
wd.sßia ydñ
fla.tï.u¾f;aksia
à.ví.iqnfkaßia
- wKfnr flda,u
f;dañia wmamq
fla.tÉ.iõfkaßia
tia.fâúâ -
fkdkaÑflda,u
tia.tÉ.ú,shï
ta.tï.cdka
is,ajd
mS.tÉ.fukaÈßia
tï.tÉ.Èfhdaksia
|
|
|
1850-1950
|
odks .=rekakdkafia
fnrjdokh, äx.sß^
iskao.=ref.a u,a,S& yd ,ehsfkaßia
|
à.ví.mE,sia
-1856$1955
à.ví.iqnfkaßia
- wKfnr flda,u
tia.fâúâ -
fkdkaÑflda,u
f;dañia wmamq
tia.tÉ.ú,shï
tï.tÉ.Èfhdaksia
fla.tÉ.iõfkaßia
ta.tï.cdka
is,ajd
mS.tÉ.fukaÈßia
tia.tï.idfu,a
is,ajd
î.tÉ.tf,aksia
is,ajd
fla.tï.wd.sßia
ydñ
mS.tÉ.;=isuka
à.ví.isßu,a
|
|
|
1920-1977
|
iqoaof.dv wuri .=rekakdkafia
kkao .=rekakdkafia yd tkao .=re
fnrjdokh,f;aÈßia
yd ,ehsfkaßia
fydrKE( B.
irfkaßia
|
à.ví..=Kodi
-1903$1977
à.ví.ihsuka
is,ajd
ví,sõ.veksmd,
Ô.Ô.iq.;odi
à.ví.iquKisß
B.l=,fiak
pkaøfidau ìkaÿfyajd
à.ví.úfÊisß
fla.weï
we,anÜ
weï.tÉ.fidaumd,
weia.tÉ.l=,isß
|
|
|
1980 isg wo olajd
|
taäka .=rekakdkafia
m;auisß ùrisxy
l=uqÿ l=udr
|
à.ví.yßYapkaø
|
|
|
uq,dY%( o is,ajd,
ðfkakøjxY,2003
yd .=K;s,l,weï.tÉ,1968
|
1 j.=j
|
||
wo o flda,ï keàfï § fï l=, fol w;r
in`o;dj fndfyda ÿrg mj;S. à.ví,sõ yßYapkaø uy wïn,kaf.dv fjk u flda,ï lKavdhula mj;ajd
f.k hk w;r m;auisß ùrisxy ;=kaÿfõ fjk u flda,ï kegqï lKavdhula mj;ajdf.k hhs. m;auisß l;djia;= r`. olajk È.= flda,ï kdglhla bÈßm;a fkd lrk
w;r jeo.;a mQ¾j rx. lsysmhlska hq;= meh 3 l muK m%ix.hla f,i flda,ï kegqï
bÈßm;a lrhs. l=uqÿ l=udr
Ys,amshd o ixpdrl fydag,aj, flda,ï mQ¾j rx. kegqï muKla kghs.
uq,a wjêfha úúO Ys,am l%u tla tla
úfYaIs; l=,j,g fjka j mej;sh o miqld,Sk j l=, úfYaI;ajhla fkdue;s j tajdfhys
fhfokq ±lsh yels h. fnkaf;dg
iqoaof.dv Ôj;a jk fnrj l=, Ys,amsfhl= jQ fkdanÜ^63&flda,ï kegqï i`oyd fnr
jehSu l< w;r fjiauqyqKq lemSu o uekúka W.;a wfhls.
wïn,kaf.dv lrdj l=,fha Ys,amSka w;r o
fjia uqyqKq lemSug wu;r j .dhkh yd jdokh hk Ys,am ms<sn`o j mßphla we;s msßia isá;s.
flda,fï ñY% j we;s tla tla l,d wx.
w;S;fha l=, w;r fn§ mej;sh o wo jk úg ta YlH;d ñY% j f.dia we;.
fkdanÜ mjik f,i w;S;fha .rd hla fjia
uqyqKq me<`o .rd hl=fï keàug wjir ;snQfha T,S l=,fha ñksiqkag muKs.
tfy;a wo jk úg .rd hla fjia uqyqKq
me<`o kgk wkH l=,j, wh fndfyda isá;s ^fkdanÜ(63&.1950 ld,fha fnkaf;dg f.dhs.u msßia flda,ï kegqï kegQ nj ã.tia.fmdkakïfmreu
i`oyka lrhs. kS,siaf.j;a;
m%foaYfha uvq .id fmd,aw;=j,ska wdjrKh lr fjiauqyqKq odf.k l< úys`M /.=ï ;ud
l=vd ld,fha kerUQ nj Tyq i`oyka lrhs. ;udf.a mshd jQ 1956 fkdjeïn¾ ñh .sh isxy, udOH .=rejrfhl=
jQ ã.fÊ.
fmdkakïfmreu ^f.dú.u& uy;d i;= j o fyajd flda,u fjia uqyqKla,
isxy uqyqKq,
kd.rdiai uqyqKq folla yd hla fnrhla
mej;s nj Tyq mjihs. ish
mshdg fnr .eiSug yelshdj ;snQ nj;a ;ukaf.a u,a,Sg wuri .=rekakdkafia ^fnrj&
,jd fyd`Èka kegqï yd fnr jdokh b.ekajQ nj;a mjihs. nia;shka f,fkdard kï ish wi,ajeis ;reKfhla fï Ydia;%j,g jYS
ù fooaÿfõ ueKaäia .=rekakdkafiaf.ka Ys,am Wf.k miqj lÜgdäfhla njg u m;a jQ nj
Tyq mjihs ^ã.tia.
fmdkakïfmreu,90&.thska
fmfkkqfha fï ld,h jk úg l=,j,g fjka ù ;snQ ld¾hhka fjk;a l=,j, wh o lrkakg
mgka.;a nj hs.1956 we;s jQ
cd;sl ixialD;sl ixfla; W;al¾Ihg kexùfï jHdmdrh u.ska fï .eñ l,d l=, mka;s wd§
fn§ïj,ska uqojd zzcd;sl wkkH;d ,laIKZZ f,i biau;= lf<a h. irÉpkaøf.a ueÈy;aùfuka fï .eñ kdgl by< uOHu mka;sh w.h
lrk l,djka njg m;a flßK.
flda,ï kdglfha iïNjh tla ck j¾.hla
wdY%fhka meyeÈ,s l< fkd yels h. th nyq ixialD;sl nyq wd.ñl ixialD;sldx. /il ixl,khls. ld,dkqrEm j iajrEmh fjkia lrñka wNspdrd;aul iajrEmfha isg
úfkdaod;aul yd m%didx.sl l,djla njg th m;aùfï § úúO ixialD;Skays wdNdIh ,nd
;sfí.fuys § wOHhkh l< gqlaldjvq mrmqf¾ o
lrdj l=,h;a fnrj l=,h;a hk fol u flda,ï
kdglh mj;ajdf.k hdfï ,d úfYaI odhl;ajhla olajd we;.
lrdj l=,fha ixl%uKh yd ne`oS mej;sh o
th yqfola u tu l=,fha l,djlehs ±laùu ksjerÈ fkd fõ.ksoyfika miq we;sjQ cd;sl ixialD;sl ixfla; ixj¾Okh lsÍfï
jHdmdrh ;=< l=, fNaohlska f;dr j flda,ï jeks rx. l,d cd;sl l,dx. f,i i,ld
mj;ajdf.k hdu ±lsh yels h. thska
fï l=, wkkH;d ;jÿrg;a uelS f.dia we;.flda,u lrdj l=,fha ixialD;sldx.hla f,i rd>jka ±lajqj o th
jd¾.sl mokulska ú.%y l< fkd yels nj fmfka.th mQ¾jfhka .eñ ck l,djla f,i;a miq j isxy, uOHu mdka;sl
l,dx.hla f,i;a mj;sk nj ksÍlaIKh l< yels h.
fuu ,smsh Indian Journal of Research in Management,
Business and Social Sciences (IJRMBSS
- eISSN: 2321-9874 |
ISSN: 2319-6998)i`.rdfõ 2014 cqks ui
l,dmfha ^Vol. 2 I Issue 2& Caste
Roots of Sinhalese Mask Drama (kolam) kñka
m< jQ ,smsfha isxy, mßj¾;kh hs.
fï
m¾fhaIKh i`oyd odhl;ajh imhk ,oafoa reyqK úYaj úoHd,h cd;Hka;r ;,hg f.khdfï
jHdmD;sh úisks.
igyka:
1.flda,fï È.= mQ¾j rx.hla we;.fï mQ¾j rx.h ;=< úúO ukqIH
i;aj yd wukqIH pß; we;.flda,ï
msgmf;ka msgm;g pß; m%udK fjkia fõ.ì%;dkH
fl!;=ld.drfha we;s msgmf;a ^Or
4995&
l;d pß; o we;=,;a j pß; 51 ls.uy
wïu,kaf.dv gqlaldjvq yßYapkaøf.a msgmf;a we;s pß; 18ls.fld<U fl!;=ld.drfha we;s AC 14 msgmf;a
we;s pß; m%udKh19 ls^.=K;s,l,weï.tÉ,1968(34-55&.le,fõ olajd we;af;a pß; 7la muKs^1829(9&.flda,ï fjiauqyqKq wdY%fhka
fmdÿ pß; lsysmhla y`ÿkd .; yels h.tkï,wKfnr flda,u,fkdkaÑ wlald,wdrÉÑ,fyajd flda,uuqo,s flda,u,ci fyj;a fma`ä flda,u,fmd,sia flda,u,rc yd ìij,kd. lkHdj,kd. rdiai,.=re`M rdiai,lj rdiai ta w;r m%Odk fõ.
2.fï l;djia;=
w;r ukfï,i`ols`ÿre,p;%mdkS l;dj,f.daäïnr l;dj,wdÈh ±lsúh yelsh. ^.=K;s,l,weï.tÉ,1968(193-254&. Or 4995ys .u l;dj
kñka l;djla o we;.
3.rd>jka Spolia Zeylanica:Bulletin of the
national museum of the Ceylon ys m< lr we;s ,sms n,kak.
4. tï.ã rd>jka uOqrdis
úYajúoHd,fha udkj úoHd wOHhkdxYfha m%:u wxY m%OdkS fõ.1946 isg fl!;=ld.dr
fomd¾;fïka;=jg iïnkaO ù ,xldfõ udkj úoHd m¾fhaIKj, kshe,S we;.Tyq 1961 § m< l< The Karava of Ceylon,Socity and Culture lD;sfha VII jk mßÉfþofha tk f;dr;=re fuys
olajd we;. fuu fmdf;a
PDF msgm;la
b;d myiqfjka wka;¾cd,fhka ,nd .; yels h.
5. OïumoÜGl:dfõ
hula j.a. jKakkdfõ ld,s hlalskS j;a:qj n,kak
uQ,dY%(
flda,ï msgm;a:
·
Ac 14 orK fld<U fl!;=ld.drfha we;s
flda,ï kgkjd kñka hq;a mqiafld, fmd;.
·
or4995 kñka lvodis m;abre 58lska hq;a
flda,ka keàfï lú kñka ì%;dkH fl!;=ld.drfhka msgm;a fldgf.k rdcH f,aLkd.drfha
we;s Pdhd msgm;.
·
ví,sõ.wd;¾ o is,ajd yd .=Kmd, u,,fialr
úiska ixialrKh l< isxy, ck iïu; ldjH lD;sfha we;s flda,ï msgm;. fuh 1935 §
rdclSh wdishd;sl ió;sfha ,xld YdLdj úiska m%ldYhg m;a flßK.
·
uy
wïn,kaf.dv à.ví. .=Kodif.a msgm; ±ka yßYapkaø i;= j we;. tï.tÉ..=K;s,l^1968& yd irÉpkaø^1952$1966& ish wOHhkh i`oyd Ndú;
fldg we;.
iïuqL idlÉPd(
·
wïn,kaf.dv j;=f.or mÈxÑ rElv wkquxv,fha
iNdm;s yd n,s weÿre Ô.fm%añka
uy;d^68&iu. 2013.09.06
yd 2014.02.09
hkd§ Èkj, lrkq ,enQ idlÉPd.
·
m%ikak wfíj¾Ok
uy;d^69& iu`. Tyqf.a b`ÿrefõ .,anv msysá ksjfia § 2014.02.08
Èk l< idlÉPdj.Tyq
1960 isg fnkaf;dg .%duks,OdÍ jrfhla f,i fiajh lr we;.iuia: ,xld .%du ks,OdÍ ix.ufha ysgmq iNdm;s f lfkls.
·
ynqre., ;=kaÿfõ
mÈxÑ iuld,Sk flda,ï kdgHlrejl= jk taäka .=rekakdkafiaf.a mq;a m;auisß ùrisxy
uy;d^57& iu`. 2013.11.06 yd 2014.02.11 hk Èlj, l< idlÉPd
·
uy wïn,kaf.dv
;=vqjuq,af,a mÈxÑ gqlaldjvq yßYapkaø uy;d^60& iu`. 2014.02.09
Èk l< idlÉPdj
·
fnkaf;dg iqoaof.dv
mÈxÑ fjiauqyqKq leghï Ys,amS yd fnr jdok Ys,smS fkdanÜ uy;d^63&iu. 2014.02.25
Èk l< idlÉPdj.
·
±kg fnkaf;dg isák
jhia.; u ±k W.;a mqoa.,hd jQ iQßhf.dv mÈxÑ ã.tia. fmdkakïfmreu
uy;d ^90&iu. 2014.02.26 Èk meje;ajQ idlÉPdj.
·
fnkaf;dg iqoaof.dv
mÈxÑ ã.trd,sia lÜgä uy;d iu`. 2014.02.23
Èk l< idlÉPdj.
·
fldaïu, Wmka ±kg
.,a;=vqj m%foaYfha fjfik ã.fla.´.fla.Y%shd,;d^58& 2014.03.12
Èk l< idlÉPdj.
ÿrl:k idlÉPd:
·
fnka;r
wdrÉÑuq,af,a mÈxÑ jD;a;Sh kegqï Ys,amS yd fnr jdol l=uqÿ l=udr uy;d^38&
iu`. 2014.02.25 Èk l< ÿrl:k idlÉPdj.
bx.%Sis lD;s:
·
Ariyapala,M.B.(1956).Socity
in Mediaeval Ceylon.Colombo:Department of Cultural affairs.
- Callaway,John. (1829).Yakkun Nattannawa and Kolan Nattanawa. London: Oriental translation fund
·
Casie Chitty,Simon.(1834).Ceylon
Gazetteer,Ceylon:Cotta Church Mission Press.
·
De Zoete,
Beril (1957).Dance and Magic Drama in
Ceylon. London:
- Pertold,Otakar. (1973).The Ceremonial Dances of the Sinhalese , 2nd edition, Dehiwala-Sri Lanka:Thisara Publication ltd.
·
Raghavan,M.D.(1964).India in Ceylon
History, Society and culture, India: Asia Publising House:,129.p cited in
M.H Goonatilleka,1968.
·
(1961).The
Karava of Ceylon,Socity and Culture,
Colombo: K.V.G.De Silva and Sons.
(1961).The
Karava of Ceylon,Socity and Culture,
Colombo: K.V.G.De Silva and Sons.
·
Ryan,Bryce.(1993).Cast in
modern Ceylon, 2nd edition, New Delhi:Navrang.
bx.%Sis ,sms:
·
Devi,Ragini.(1966).Kolam Thullal–The
Masked Dance Ritual, Marg. A magazine of the Arts,
Vol.xix,March,1966,No.2:Bombay,48.p cited in M.H Goonatilleka,(1968).
·
Jayawardana, A.(1884). Kalikovila,
Jurnal of Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon) Vol. viii, No. 29,434-439 p.p.
·
Raghavan,M.D.( 1951).The
kinnaraya–the Tribe of Mat Weavers, Ethnological Survey of Ceylon No 2. Spolia
Zeylanica: Bulletin of the National Museum of Ceylon, 26 (i) 1951. Dec: Colombo.
bx.%Sisfhka isxy,g mßj¾;s; lD;s:
·
l=udriajdñ.ta.fla.(1962).uOH
ld,Sk isxy, l,d.(medieval Sinhalese Arts), mß. tÉ.tï.fidaur;ak, fld<U: ixialD;sl lghq;= wud;HYh.
·
mSßia,wd¾.(1964).isxy,
iudc ixúOdkh (Sinhala Social
Organization), l¾;D
mßj¾;kh, fld<U: iuka
m%ldYk
·
irÉpkaø,B.(1999)isxy,
.eñ kdglh (Sinhala adaptation of The Folk Darma
of Ceylon,1966),3jk
uqøKh, urodk(f.dvf.a
m%ldYk.
isxy, lD;s:
·
Y%S
iqux., ysñ,ví,sõ.(1876). b;sydi,fld<U:wdfkda,aâ vhia úiska m%ldYs; hs.
·
.=K;s,l,tï.tÉ.(1968). flda,ï
kdgl idys;Hh.urodk:r;ak m%ldYk.
·
±<
nKavdr,.dñKS.(2000).isxy,
flda,ï iïm%odh .le,Ksh: iïNdjH m%ldYk.
·
o
is,ajd,fÊ.ví,sõ.(2003).l,d
.=re gqlaldjvq .=Kodi m%Kdudxc,S, .=Kodi wkqiaurK lñgqj, wïn,kaf.dv.
·
ldßhjiï,à,(1986).ukfï
flda,u . le,Ksh:YS,d uqøKd,h.
·
úfÊiQßh,tia.(2004).ixia. mfrú
ikafoaYh. fldaÜfÜ:iyNd.S;aj ixj¾Ok m¾Ioh.
·
úu,dkkao,à.(1963).Wvrg
uy le/,a,. fld<U: tï.ã..=Kfiak.
isxy, ,sms:
·
l=udr,jika;.(1990).hlaI
f.da;%sl ms§u w¾:j;a l< È.af.a ia;%S rx.kh, l,d i`.rdj,Vol.35- foieïn¾, fld<U: ,xld l,d uKav,h,46-48
msgq
fjí wvú:
- http://www.lankalibrary.com/rit/kolam.htm
- https://www.facebook.com/pages/Traditional-Kolam-Dancing-Maha-Ambalangoda/109452742477818
- http://www.ariyarathnekaluarachchi.com/index_.php
l;=jreka
ms<sn`o(
1.uydpd¾h chka; wurisxy(B.A (hon)fmardfoKsh, M.A
fmardfoKsh, reyqK
úYajúoHd,fha isxy, wOHhkdxYfha uydpd¾hjrfhls,idys;H úpdrlfhls.m¾fhaIlfhls.
2.iuka tï.ldßhlrjk(B.A
(hon)reyqK, M.A le,Ksh,úpdrlfhls.iajdëk m¾fhaIlfhls.
