සම්ප්‍රදාය පිළිබද කතිකා විශ්ලේෂණයක්

zziïm%odhZZ ms<sn| l;sld úYaf,aIKhla

Tradition: A cultural dilemma

idr ixlafIamh

fuu m¾fhaIKh u.ska iïm%odh ms<sn| lÓldj mq¿,a j yd .eUqßka úuiqug ,la කිරීම අරමුණු flf¾' wOHhkh m%Odk fldgia lsysmhlskaa hqla; fõ' tkï

iïm%odh hk fhÿfï ixialD; ksrela;s yd Tradition hk bx.%Sis mofha ,;ska ksrela;s úuiSu;a Bg woH;k YíofldaIlrejka úiska fokq ,nk w¾: úuiSu;a" ixl,amhla f,i kùk;ajh hk mohg úreoaOd¾:fhka th fhÈh yels o hkak úNd. lsÍu;a fuys § isÿ flf¾. iïm%odh jHqyhla f,i ú.%y lsÍu;a zziïm%odhslZZ kue;s ixl,amfhka tj fjkia jk wdldrh;a fuys idlÉPd flf¾.

iïm%odh ms<sn| bkaÿ Wm uyoaùmsl l<dmfha we;s ±Kqu .fõYkh lsÍu;a TjqyQ iïm%odh foúhkaf.a woDYHudk fykavqj f,i iudc.; ñksid fufyh ùug Ndú; l< wdldr ú.%y lsÍu;a fuu m¾fhaIKfhka isÿ flf¾. fmrÈ. iïm%odh ixl,amhla f,I mej;sh o tu NdId;aul fhÿu hg;a úð; Wreuhla f,i ,nd .;a wdldrh;a úodrKh flf¾.

iïm%odh ms<sn| ksoyia udkjjd§kaf.a ú.%y lsÍï yryd kQ;k wjêfha th Ydia;%d,Sh ixl,amhla f,i j¾Okh jQ wdldrh;a hg;a úð; lrKh yryd tu ±Kqu f,dj mqrd jHdma; jQ wdldrh;a úia;r lrñka iajfoaYs lrKfha§ hg;a úc;j, W.;=ka úiska t<shÜ yd f,úia wd§kaf.a ixl,am Ndú;hg .kakd wdldrh;a úu¾IKh flf¾.

iïm%odh ks¾udKh lsÍfï Ndú;h ms<sn| hg;a úð; w;a±lSï ie<ls,a,g .ksñka tys ÈjHuh iajrEmh fN!;sl w¾:l:khlg ,la flfrk tßla fydíia fndaõï yd fgrkaia f¾kac¾f.a Ydia;%S ueÈy;aùu idlÉPdjg Ndckh lsÍu;a jHqyhla f,I iïm%odh ks¾m%N+ ckhdg iajlSh ksoyi Wfoid lrk igfka § wúhla f,I Ndú; lsÍug we;s YlH;dj wjOdrKh lsÍu;a fu u,ska isÿ flf¾.

iïm%odh hkq idys;H úpdrhg fuka u iudc úpdrhg;a iudc ixfYdaOkhg;a Ndú; l< yels kQ;k;ajh ;=< iïNj jQ idOkSh ixialD;sl jHqyhls;hkak fï m¾fhaIKh u.ska idOkh flf¾.

m%uqL mo( iïm%odh"kQ;k;ajh" i¾jld,Sk;ajh"ksoyia udkj jdoh,bxÿ Wm uyoaùmh.

  iuka' tï ldßhlrjk

iïm%odfha ixialD; ksrela;s

iïm%odh kue;s mofha ksrela;sh ieliS we;af;a ixialD; i+ m%+ O hk Yíoj, tl;=fjks. i^ix& hkq mßmQ¾K hk w¾:fha fhfok Wmi¾.hls. m% hkq w;sYhd¾:fha fhfok Wmi¾.hls. O hkq ±Ífï w¾: we;s Od;=jls. iïm%od kue;s jpkhg isxy, jdlHdjidk h ksmd;h tl;= ù iïm%odh hk jpkh ;ekS we;. fï mofha w¾: jkqfha mrmqr, ms<sfj,, iïuq;sh, isß;, Í;sh, rEÎh, Wreuh mrmqfrka ,enqKq ±Kqu,mdrïmßl isoaOdka;h, wd.ñl isoaOdka;h, úfYaI foaúhlg mj;ajk mQcd úêh hkqhs.^w,.shjkak,1925&

iïm%odh ms<sn| ysxÿ wd.ñl l;sldj

iïm%odh hk ixl,amh ysxÿ wd.u ;=< m%Odk ia:dkhla .ks hs. ysxÿ oyfuys iïm%odh hkqfjka .efkkqfha wdl,am, woyia yd Ndú;hka iuQyhls. th mj;ajdf.k hk mrïmrdj úiska WÑ; mßÈ fjkia lrñka w¾:l:kh lrñka mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nhs. w;S;fha isg mej; tk woyia wdl,am yd Ndú;hka iuQyhla fu f,i iïm%odh f,i .ks hs. j;auka mrmqf¾ tu iïm%odh ms<smÈkakkag WÑ; f,i th b;d mßiaiñka fjkia lr .ekSug o bv we;. iïm%odfha wLKav;ajh mj;skqfha ta whqßKs(Gupta,R.2002).hï wfhl= ljr fyda wd.ñl iïm%odhlg wh;a jkqfha tu mqoa.,hd Wmkhkh ,o .=re mrmqr wkqjhs. iïm%odfha ysñlu Wm;ska fkd ,efí^ibid&.hful= ljr fyda wd.ñl iïm%odhl Wmkhkh ,n;a kï fya Bg wh;a uka;% ms<sn| ±kqu ,eìh hq;= h.¹ úúO foújrekag wkqj iïm%odhka ks¾udKh ù we;;a ta lsisÿ iïm%odhlg we;=<;a fkd ù fjfik RIsjre o we;. rduK uydRIs jrhd Bg lÈu WodyrKhla úh. t;=ud wdÈ Yxlrhkaf.a ikHdiS iïm%odhg we;=<;a lr .ekSug W;aidy ±rej o fyf;u th m%;slafIam lf<a h(Ebert,2006.89).

ysxÿ wd.u ;=< m%Odk iïm%odhka lsysmhla we;s w;r ;j;a l=vd wkq l=vd iïm%odhka rdYshla fõ.ffjIaKj iïm%odh m%Odk iïm%odhls. moau mqrdKhg wkqj tys iïm%odhka 4ls. Y%S iïm%odh^,laIaó&n%yau iïm%odh, reø iïm%odh, ikdldÈ ^isõ l=udrjre& iïm%odh ta y;rhs (Apte,1965). ffYj iïm%odh wfkla jeo.;a iïm%odhls.kd: kñka ;sín; fn!oaOd.u yd uqiq jQ ysxÿ iïm%odhla o we;. th kdkaÈ kd;a, wdÈ kd;a, kj kd;a jYfhka wkq iïm%odhka 3lg fn§ we;.oYkdñ kñka ;j;a jeo.;a ysxÿ iïm%odhla fõ. Tjqka w;=ßka tla W,la iys; hYaáh /f.k hk msßi tal oKaä ikHdiSka jYfhka ie<fla. TjqyQ mQk kQ, fkd or;s. tys wfkla ksldhla jk ;%s oKaä fkdfyd;a ;%s Y+,hla orK msßi mQk kQ, o or;s. woaffj; fõodka; kñka ;j;a m%Odk ysxÿ iïm%odhla fõ.ffoj udkj yd woaffj; ud;d jYfhka ;j;a .=re mrïmrd rdYshla we;s w;r fï ish,a, u È.= wd.ñl iïm%odhkag Wreulï lshhs. ta ish¨ u iïm%odhka ;=< ±lsh yels fmdÿ ,laIK o we;. fï iïm%odhka yefulla u wvq u ;rñka jir 1000 lgj;a fmr mgka mj;sk ±Kqï úYajdi wdÈh u; msysgd ixúOdkh ù we;.

iïm%odh ms<sn| bkaÿ Wm uyoaùmsl l;sldj  

,xldfõ isxy, fn!oaO Ndú;h ;=<g o iïm%odh ms<sn| ixl,amh meñfKkakg we;af;a o ysxÿ wdNdIfhka úh hq;= h. tfy;a merKs isxy, .oH moH lD;s lsisjl fyda iïm%odh hk fhÿu ±lsh fkd yels h. tfy;a iïm%odh kue;s ixl,amdj,sh w;S;h mqrd u ±lsh yels fõ. ixialD; f,!lsl Ydia;% ;=< iïm%odh hkak jHx.fhka fh§ we;;a tajd tu ix{d kdufhka ye¢kaùfï l%uhla tl, fkd mej;shd úh yels h. oKaã úiska ixialDf;ka rpkd l< ldjHdo¾Yh wnd i,fujka ksß÷ úiska ishnia,lr kñka isxy,g k.kq ,noa § zzlõ ,l=KecrkaZZ hkqfjka i|yka lrkqfha iïm%odh ms<sn|j hs^ishnia,lr 02 .Sh&. ixialD; uyd ldjH wdNdIfhka rpkd l< uqjfoõodj;, iiodj;, lõis`MñK, hkd§ lsisÿ lD;shl iïm%odh w.hd ke;. ldjHfYaLrlre o iïm%odh f.!rjhg yd jkaokhg ,la l< o tu fhÿu Ndú; fldg ke;. iso;a i`.rdlre zz i|re;a úê ish,a wkqrE fia msfhdakkaZZ^ika woshf¾ uq,a lúh& hhs ±lajQfha iïm%odh ms<sn|j hs. fþl m%fhda. hkq NdIdfõ w;S; Ndú;h hs. fu f,i merKs isxy, idys;Hh ;=< iïm%odh hk ixl,amh Ndú; j we;;a iïm%odh hk fhÿu Ndú; j ke;. Bg fya;=j jkakg we;af;a fï fhÿu ix.%y ùu yd m%p,s; ùu uE;ld,Sk j isÿ ùu úh yels h.

isxy, idys;H .%ka:j,g .=re jQ ixialD; .%ka:j, o iïm%odh hk fhÿu yuq fkd fõ.bmerKs ysxÿ wd.ñl Yaf,dalj, kï iïm%odh hk jpkh ±lsh yels fõ. oKaãf.a ldjHdo¾Yfha fo jk Yaf,dalfhka Nr; wd§ fm/ÿrka keu§u tla wdldrhlska iïm%odh keu§uls. Tyq ffjo¾NS yd f.!ã kñka ldjH iïm%odhka folla fhdackd l< o Bg iïm%odh hk ku Ndú; fkd lrhs. r>q jxYh, cdklS yrKh jeks ixialD; .%ka:j, o iïm%odh kue;s fhÿu ±ls fkd yels h. ixialD; ldjH iïm%odh ks¾udKlrejdf.a jdikd .=Kh, m%;sNdj wd§ mqoa., noaO lreKq wjOdrKh lrhs.² iïm%odh Tjqkag wkqj ÈjHuh jQjls. Nr; ish kdgH Ydia;%fha § kdgH l,dfõ iïm%odh ÈjHuh jQjla nj fmkajd fohs. úo.aO iïm%odhka ;=< fuka u ck iïm%odhka ;=< o fï ÈjHuh iïNjh yd iïm%odh ±lsh yels h. fldfydUd hla lxldßh fyda flda,ï Wm; jeks ck Ys,am l,djl iïm%odhka ks¾udKh ùu ms<sn| we;af;a o ÈjHuh t<Uqï fõ.³  kdgH Ydia;%fha werUqu yd tys Ys,am iïm%odh ms<sn| Nr;f.a ú.%h fu n÷ fõ,

zz fõob;hkaf.ka f;drjq iaj¾Kuh hq.fhka wk;=rej t<ô rc; hq.fha oS idys;H l,d wdosh ksmoùu isÿ úh. ish¨ foúfhda uyd n%yauhd yuq ù wfkl=;a fõo i;r fjka fldg weia iy lka mskúh yels miajk fõohla ujk f,i o th n%dyauK laI;%Sh ffjYH jeks oaúc l=,j,g muKla isud jqjla fkdj Y=ø l=, whg o fmdÿ tlla úh hq;= hehs o wdhdpkh l< y. fï whÿug lkaÿka uyd n%dyauhd mia jk fõohla iïmdokh lrkakg lghq;= fh¥y' tys oS ñksiqkaf.a ish¨ fÉIagdjka iïnkaOfhka fokq ,nk ish¨ Wmfoia b;sydih iu`. noaO úh hq;= hehs kshu flrsK' fï lghq;a; iïmdokh lsrsu i|yd uyd n%yau f;u fm< lshùu iD.a fõofhka o .S;h idu fõofhka o wx.dNskh hcq¾ fõofhka o Ñ;a;fõ.S ye`.Sï w:¾j fõofhka o Wmqgd .kakd ,oafoa h' wk;=rej ud ye`.s r`.y,la ;kkakehs osjH .Dy ks¾udK Ys,ams jq úYajl¾ug kshu l< fyf;u t ;=< ys|f.k fufia ksu jq l,dj wNHdi lrkakehs Nr;uqKsjrhdg Wmfoia ÿkay' fï kj ks¾udKh foúfhdaa tl yäka i;=áka ms<s.;ay' Ysj foúfhda  Bg m%pKav Ñ;a;fõ. m%ldY flfrk ;dKavj kegqu o md¾j;sh iql=ud, rd.sl ,diH kegqu o m%odkh l<y' Ndr;S hk kdgH ffY,s y;r fok ,oafoa úIaKq h' wk;=rej fï osjH fõoh .=K mlaIfhka ySk fldg kdgH Ydia;% kñka mD;=ú ;,hg mjrd osfï ld¾hh Nr;g mejrsKZZ^kdgH Ydia;%'mrs' udrisxy 1994(1-18&.

kdgHfha iïm%odh ÈjHuh jk nj fuhska meyeÈ,s fõ. tys we;s Wmfoia yd pdß;% wdÈh ÈjHuh NdIs; hs.tfyhska wkq,a,x>Ksh fõ.

idys;Hfha § fhfokjdg jvd jeä w.hlska iïm%odh hkak Ys,am l,dj, § Ndú; fõ. iïm%odfha fkd msysgd Ys,am l¾udka;j, fhÈh fkd yels h. iïm%odh ksjerÈ j fkd ±k jvqfjl=g ish l¾udka;h l< fkd yels h. ms<su fk,Su, .Dy ks¾udK, jdß l¾udka; wdÈh tajdg wdfõksl ;dlaIKsl yd l,d iïm%odhkaf.ka fmdaIKh ù we;s Ys,am fõ. tu Ys,amh wdhdifhka W.; hq;= h. fnr .eiSu, keàu, Ñ;% we£u, wdÈh o ksjerÈ j l< yelafla iïm%odh ±k.ekSfuks. iïm%odh fkd ±k lrk ljr ks¾udKhla jqj jD;a;Shuh fkd fõ. tajd wdOqksl .Kfha ,d fyda jD;a;Sh fkd jk f,i i<lhs. l¾udka; ms<sn| iïm%odh o bx÷ Wm uyoaùmh ;=< § ÈjHuh fõ. ish¨ Ys,am l¾udka; werfUkqfha úYajl¾u ÈjHmq;%hdf.ks. fï ;dlaIKsl iïm%odh ms<sn| wdkkao l=udiajdñf.a ksÍlaIK tys ;;a iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSug WmldÍ jkq we;.

zz Ndr;Sh ld¾ñlhd ;u Ys,amh jQ l,S mrïmrd .Kkla mqrd talS N+; jQ ±Kqul fkdj úYajl¾uf.a ÈjHuh n,fhka Wmkakla nj;a Tyq úiska m%ldY lereKla nj;a is;;s. w,xldrh, ß;auh, mßudKh, mrud¾:h hk fï ish,a, úYsIag ;,hl mj;afka h. m¾fhaIlhkag wNsu; ±h fuys § uqK.efihs. øjHhkaf.a h:d¾:h weig fmfkk úia;rhkays fkdj ukfiys mj;afka h. Ndr;Sh l,dlrejkag úYajdih ;eîug W.kajk foõ y`vla fuka wefik wNHka;ßl n,h úYajl¾u ksid my< jkaklehs is;kq ,efí. l,d;aul m%ldYkh ms<sn| úfYaI iïnkaO;ajhlska yev.iajkq ,nk foaj;ajh iïnkaë wxYh jYfhka úYajl¾u i<lkq ,eìh yel. ;j;a mßoafolska Wiia iúx{dkhla ms<sn| zziuQy wd;auhlskaZZ hq;a, iodld,sl id¾j fN!u mqoa.,sl ld¾ñlhkaf.a iú{dkfha iuqohd¾:h jYfhka o Tyq ie<lsh yelafla hZZ ^l=udriajdñ, 1962.77&.

Ys,amSh {dkfha iïm%odh úYajl¾u yd iïnkaO lsÍu ;=<ska w;S;fha isg mej; tk ±Kqu foaj;ajhg ke.Sula w¾: .ekafõ.fmrÈ. ish¨ u úoHd yd l,d ÈjHuh iïNjhlska hq;= fõ.

iïm%odh ms<sn| bkaÿ Wm uyoaùmfha mj;akd ±Kqu ÈjHuh fõ. ish¨ f,!lsl Ys,am yd l,d foúhkaf.ka iïNj ù we;. iïm%odfha W,am; foúhka fõ. fï woyi wkqj is;k mqoa.,hd iïm%odhka fjkia fkd lr mj;ajdf.k hdu flfryS Wkkaÿ fjhs. iïm%odh w;ayeÍu hkq foúhka w;ayeÍu fõ. hï iïm%odhl meyeÈ,s fjkila l< ñksiqka o foaj;ajhg m;a flf¾. bkaÿ Wm uyoaùmsl Ndú;h wkqj mq¾j ±kqï foaj;ajfha ,d i<lk ,È. iïm%odh kue;s ixl,amh fï l,dmh ;=< iïNdú; j mej;sh o th NdIdj ;=< m%ldYhg m;a ùu hg;aúð; wjêfha § isÿ jQjls.hQfrdamSh {dk óudxidfõ wkqyi ta fhÿu ;=< we;. fmrÈ. tf;la mej;s ÈjHuh iïm%odfhka fï hqfrdamSh ixl,amh fjkia fõ. hqfrdamSh ixl,amh Rcqj foúhka yd iïnkaO fkdfõ. 

hg;aúð;lrKh yd foaYSh iïm%odh ms<sn| lÓldj

w;S; {dkh f,!lsl úIhla f,i w¾: .ekaùu fndfyda fihska m%p,s; jQfha 20 jk ishjfia uq,a oYl lsysmfhka miq j fõ. bkaÈhdj yd ,xldj jeks fmrÈ. rgj, iïm%odh hkak f,!lsl w¾:hlska WÉpdrKh lsÍu hg;a úð; lrKh yd Rcq j iïnkaO ù we;^fmf¾rd, rxð;a 1985.31&. hg;aúð;lrKhg ,la jQ ck msßia mYapd;a hg;aúð; iufha § ;ukaf.a wNdjhg .sh w;S; ±Kqï, úYajdi yd Ndú;hka h<s k.d isgqjkq ,eîu fyda tajdfhka wNdIh ,nd .ekSfï m%h;akhl ksu.ak jkq ±lsh yels h. ,xldfõ ck kdgH wkqidrfhka cd;sl kdgHhla iE§fï § irÉpkaø iïm%odh ms<sn| ±lajQ Wkkaÿj Bg WodyrK fõ. irÉpkaø fufia mjihs.

zzixialD;sl m%Yakh ms<sn| j n, mj;akd jeo.;a u lreK kï iïm%odh hehs ud ;=< woyila we;. l,d úIfhys fuu iïm%odh ms<sn| woyi jvd;a ;Èka n,md;shs uu is;ñ. Y;j¾I lsysmhla ;siafia rgl n,meje;ajQ iïm%odh ksid ri úkaokh yd w.h lsÍu ms<sn| iïu;hla fuka u wkkH idOdrK l,d rgdjka o ìysjkafka..^irÉpkaø,1967,44-45&

iïm%odh ms<sn| woyi irÉpkaø fj; t<fUkqfha ljr fyda fmrÈ. jQ {dk uQ,hlska fkd fõ. th Rcqj u hqfrdamSh ±Kqu yryd Tyq fj; t<ôhls. hqfrdamSh {dk óudxidj ;=< iïm%odh ms<sn| m%:ufhka idlÉPd lrkqfha à.tia.t<shÜ úisks. t<shÜg miq j th úúO úoHd¾Òka w;ska mq¨,a j ú.%y ù we;. iïm%odh hk nqoaê úIh iïm%odh hk kñka fkd fj;;a ixl,amhla f,i t<shÜg fmr o hqfrdamfha ±Kqï l,dmj, mej;sk. úfYaIfhka lf;da,sl oyu ;=< iïm%odh ms<sn| woyi ÈjHuh w¾:fhka Ndú; úh.

iïm%odh ms<sn| bx.%Sis ksrela;s  

Tradition  hk bx.%Sis mohg m¾hdh f,i isxy, iïm%odh hk fhÿu Ndú; flfrhs. bx.%Sis "tradition"  kue;s  moh ks¾udKh jkqfha ,;ska traderere fyda tradere hk ls%hdmoj,ska ì£ wd traditio kue;s kdu mofhks. fï l%shd moj, ,;ska w¾: jkqfha zz iqrlaIs; j ;nd .ekSug hjkjd,fokjd,mjrKjd hkakhs. ffk;sl Wreuh fyda ffk;sl mejÍu ye¢kaùu i|yd frdau kS;sh ;=< fï fhÿu Ndú; flßK. w;S;fha ks¾udKh ù ;ju;a mj;akd ljr fyda pdß;% úêl%u wdÈh iïm%odh f,i i<lk nj iïm%odh ms<sn| úYajfldaIlrejkaf.a woyihs.

bx.%Sis isxy, YíofldaIfha u,,fialr Tradition hk bx.S%is jpkhg w¾: fokqfha zzmrïmrd.; l:d, pdß;% wdÈh, iïm%odh, rEÎh, mqreoaoZZ jYfhks ^u,,fialr,.=Kmd, ^1948& 1992,p.967&. iïm%odh hk isxy, jpkh bx.%Sis Tradition hk jpkhg iudkd¾:j;a nj fï wkqj fmfka. tfy;a ixl,am f,i .;a úg hqfrdamSh w¾: iy Ndr;Sh uq,hla iys; w¾: w;r fjkialï we;s nj o úoHudk fõ. Tradition hk bx.%Sis mohg bx.%Sis YíofldaIlrejka fok w¾: o ie<ls,a,g .ksuq.zz a belief, custom or way of doing  something that has existed for a long time among a particular group of people; a set of these beliefs or customs: religious /cultural/ literary tradition(O.A.L.D,2000,p.1379). bx.%Sis YíofldaIh fok w¾:j,ska o iïm%odh hkq w;S;fha isg j¾;udkhg tkakla nj fmfkhs. th hï ck lKavdhul úYajdi, isß;a úß;a yd Ndú;hka hk iSud lsÍug o tys § k;= lr we;.⁴ th wd.u ixialD;sh yd idys;H hk úIh lafIa;%j, ±lsh yels úIhla jk nj o YíofldaIh olajhs. iïm%odh ck j¾. wkqj fjkia jk iudc noaO úIhla jk nj o fuys wjOdrKh lr we;. fï ish¨ w¾: ms<sn| wjOdkfhka hq;=j iïm%odh ms<sn| hqfrdamSh l;sldj úuiSu foig fhduq fjuq.

iïm%odh ms<sn| hqfrdamSh l;sldj

iïm%odh ms<sn| hqfrdamSh l;sldj úuiSfï § b;d u jeo.;a iïm%odkh hkqfha à.tia t<shÜf.a zziïm%odh yd m%f;Hl fl!Y,HhZZ hk f,aLkh hs. iïm%odh ms<sn| ÈjHuh t<Uqfuys uQ,sl u f,aLkh t<shÜf.a fï ,smsh hs. Tyq iïm%odh hk ixl,amh meg,s,s iy.; tfy;a b;d .eUqre ú.%yhlg ,la lrhs.

zziïm%odh fyda iïm%odhla .ek i|yka lsÍug wmg ms<sjka lula ke;. jeäu jqfjd;a wij,df.a kdgH zidïm%odhslhZ hs mejiSfï § kï fï úfYaIK moh wms Ndú; lruq. fodaIdfrdamK uqLfhka l:d lsÍfï § yer fï jpkh Ndú; flfrkqfha úr, jYfhks. tfia fkdue;s kï, hï hï m%sh ckl mqrdúoHd;aul mqkre;a:dmkhla wkqu; flfrk nj we`.ùfï § o th wkqudk jYfhka Ndú; flf¾ZZ^t<shÜ.à.tia,1917,mß(iqrùr ta.ù,1999,ms.61& t<shÜ i|yka lrk f,i 1917 jk úg bx.%Sis iudch o iïm%odh ms<sn| t;rï wjOdkhlska miqù ke;. iïm%odfha jeo.;alu yd th idys;Hh ;=< jeo.;a hula f,i Ndú; lsÍu t<shÜf.ka werfò. ksoyia udkjjd§ {dk óudxidj ;=< wo idys;Hh úIfhys idlÉPd jk fndfyda ixl,am b;d .eUqßka ixjdohg ,la úh. ta ixl,am w;r t<shÜf.a iïm%odh ms<sn| woyi b;d m%p,s; jQjls.(Barry, Peter,1999)

zz mqkrela;shg jvd kj;dj jgfka h. iïm%odh hkq Bg jvd mq`M,a jQ o w¾: iys; jQ o ld¾hhls. th odhdo jYfhka ,nd .; yels fohla fkd fõ.th wjYH kï uy;a fia fjfyi ù ,nd .; hq;= fjhs. iïm%odh m<uq fldg u ft;sydisl ixcdkkh yd iïnkaO fjhs. mia úis úh blaujQ miq o lúfhl= jYfhka ;j ÿr l%shd lsÍu wfmalaId lrk ljfrl=g jqj fuh w;HdjYH nj wmf.a ye`.Su hs. fï ft;sydisl ixcdkkh yd iu`. w;S; ld,fha w;S; nj muKla fkdj tys j¾;udkh o iïnkaO fõ.tfia u fï ft;sydisl ixcdkkh iuld,Sk mrïmrdj ms<sn| wjfndaOh ;u weg ñÿ`Mj, ;ndf.k ,sùug muKla fkdj,fydau¾f.a ld,fha mgka uq`M uy;a hqfrdamfha u my< ù we;s idys;Hh;a ta ;=< ;u rfgys my< ù we;s il,úO idys;Hh;a iu.dó j mj;afkahs o, fï ish,a, ;=< iu.dó mßmdáhla we;af;a h hs hk ye`.Sfuka hq;= j ,sùug o f,aLlghl=g n, flf¾. ld,iSudjkaf.ka f;dr ixcdkkhla iy fty f,!lsl ixcdkkhla fuka u ta fol ixfhda. jQ ixcdkkhla o we;a;d jQ fï ft;sydisl ixcdkkh jQl,S f,aLlfhl= idïm%odhsl njg m;a lrk ldrkh f,i ye¢kaúh yels hZZ^tu,62-63&.

t<shÜf.a fï m%ldYj,ska Tyq iïm%odh f,i ye¢kajQ foa ms<sn| meyeÈ,s ksYaÑ; wjfndaOhla lsisfjl=g;a fkd ,efí. Tyq iïm%odh f,i olajk foh wdhdifhka w;am;a lr.;hq;a;la nj bka .uH fõ. tfuka u w;S; ñksiqka iajlSh bkao%sh wkqidrfhka ,nd.;a ixcdkk iïm%odh ;=< we;=<;a nj m%ldY ùfuka iïm%odh hkq w;S; ±Kqu nj .uH fõ. i¾jld,Sk úYaj i;Hh yd iuld,Sk ;;ajh w;r md,u ;kkqfha iïm%odh jk nj o bka ±lafõ. jvd ir, j f;areï lr .kafka kï t<shÜg wkqj iïm%odh hkq w;S;fha isg wkd.;h foig t,a, jk wdf,dal Odrdjls. ta wdf,dal Odrdj m;s; fkd jQ ljr fyda idys;Hlrefjl= úpdrlfhl= tu lafIa;%h ;=< ia:dk .; fkd fõ.tu wdf,dalh ;=< isák ks¾udKlrejka úoHudk jk w;r wkHfhda wúoHudk j fh;a. ld,fha .K w|qre ;sñrh ;=< ie`.j fh;a. t<shÜ iïm%odh ms<sn| olajk woyi o foajjd§ jQjls. iïm%odh Ôjh ,nkqfha w;S;h ;=<hs. th Wrdf.k thska fmdaIKh ù tys iuld,Sk iajrEmh muKla fjkia lsÍfï yelshdj ks¾udkfõ§kag we;.

iïm%odh úIfhys ueÈy;a jQ wfkla jeo.;a u udkjjd§ Ñka;lhd t*a.wd¾ f,úia h.1948 § Tyq m< l< zzuyd iïm%odhZZ(The Great tradition) kue;s lD;sfhka bx.%Sis m%nkaO l;dfõ iïm%odh ms<sn| úNd. lrk ,È.  idys;H lD;shlska m%ldYhg m;a jk iodpdr ú{dkh kue;s ixl,amh ks¾Kdhlhla f,i .;fyd;a fcda¾Ê t<shÜ, fykaß fÊïia, fcdaima fldka /â wd§ka th uQ¾;su;a lrk wdldrh f,úiaf.a úYaf,aIKhg mdol úh. idys;H úIfhys iïm%odfha we;s jeo.;alu Tyq wjOdrKh lrhs. by; ±lajQ m%nkaO l:dlrejkaf.a ks¾udK ms<sn| È.= úpdr tl;=jla Tyqf.a lD;sfha ±lsh yels h. f,úia iïm%odh olskqfha o j¾;udk ks¾udKfõÈhd w;S;h yd iïnkaO lrk nqoaêuh yqhla jYfhks. t<shÜf.a iïm%odh yd m%f;Hl fl!Y,Hh f,aLkfha iSudfjka Tíng hñka iïm%odh kue;s ixl,amh kjl;d úpdrhg Ndú; lsÍu Tyq w;ska isÿ jQ fiajh hs. Tyq kjl;d ish,af,a we;s wdlD;sl iujdh y÷kd .kshs. iïm%odh ks¾udK lD;s ;=< msysgk wdldrh f,úia fj;ska m%ldYhg m;a úh.

iïm%odh jHqyhla f,i(

iïm%odh ixl,amhla fyda Ndú;hla f,i jgyd .ekSfï § úúO .eg`M u;= fõ. th tall yd Í;sj,ska hq;= moaO;shla f,i jgyd .ekSu jvd ksjerÈ m%fõYhla iïmdokh lrhs. jd.a úoHd{fhl= jQ *¾äka ä.fidaIsh¾ NdIdfõ jHqyh ,dx.a f,i;a tla lD;shla ke;fyd;a NdIs;hla mfrda,a f,i;a olajk ,È.(Saussure,1966) iïm%odh ,dx.a fkdfyd;a jHqyh f,i .; fyd;a tla Ndú;hla, lD;shla, mfrda,a fkdfyd;a NdIs;hla fõ.yeu NdIs;hla u jHqyh fjkia lrk uq;a tys uQ,sl wdlD;sh fjkia fkd flfrhs(Barths,1991). yeu kj lD;shla u iïm%odh fjkia lrhs. tfy;a tys uQ,sl yevh fjkia fkd lrhs. kj lD;shla ke;fyd;a ks¾udKhla ìys jQ úg tu ks¾udKh weiqre lrk iïm%odh fjkiaùïj,g ,la flfrhs. t<shÜ ta ms<sn| fufia mjihs;

zzfï wdldrfhka tla tla l,d lD;sh yd wdY%s; iïnkaO;d m%udKdkql+,;d iy yr ms<sn| iuia: mßmdáh ixfYdaOkh fjhs. fuhska we;a; jYfhka isoaO jkafka j¾;udkh ksid w;S;h fjkia ùula fkdj w;S;h u.ska j¾;udkh fufyhùu hs ZZ^t<shÜ,1917,75-76&.

kj tallhla ksid ljr fyda iïm%odhl jHqyfha isÿjk fjiaùu w;S; tallj, jHqy úiska fufyhjk nj Tyq fmkajd fohs. hï iïm%odhlg wh;a lD;s iuQyhla .;fyd;a ta ish,af,ys u ljr fyda tla iujdhla ±lsh yels h. fn!oaO l:d iïm%odh .;fyd;a tys ish¨ u tallj, fn!oaO wka;¾.;hla ±lsh yels h. isõmo iïm%odh .;fyd;a tys ish¨u tallj, isõmo kue;s wdlD;sl iudk lu we;. iïm%odh hkq ljr fyda w¾:j,ska hq;= jHqyhla jk nj bka meyeÈ,s jkq we;. iïm%odhla tall folla fyda Bg jeä .Kkl fmdÿ ,laIK wkqj ks¾udKh fõ. iïm%odh tallj,ska fuka u Í;sj,ska o hqla; jQjls. th yeuúg u ld,h yd iïnkaO fõ. tla tallhla fyda lsysmhla w;S;fha;a wfkla tallh fyda tall j¾;udkfha;a mej;Su iïm%odfha Í;sh hs. iïm%odhla ks¾udKh lsÍfï § yeu úg u w;S; ,laI^lD;s fyda Ndú;hka& iqúfYaIS ld¾hNdrhla Wiq,hs.

isxy, fn!oaO l:d iïm%odh kue;s jHqyh .;fyd;a wudj;=r, nq;airK, ioaO¾u r;akdj,sh jeks lD;s tys tall fõ. ta ish,af,ys u nqÿkaf.a fï Njfha fyda fmr Njhl Ôjk w;a±lSï wvx.= fõ.fï lD;s ;=k fjk fjk u .;fyd;a tajd tlsfklska úYd, jYfhka fjkia fõ.tfy;a fï lD;s ;=fka u we;af;a fn!oaO l:d kue;s jHqyh hs. l;=jrhdf.ka l;=jrhdg fjkia jk iuld,sl;ajh fyda mqoa., m%;sNdj i|yd o w¾: iïmdokh jkqfha tu fmdÿ jQ jHqyh ;=< hs. NdIdj, {d;s l%uh, ñ;Hd l;d o fu jeks u jHqy f,i ú.%y l< yels h.

kQ;k;ajh yd iïm%odh  

kQ;k;ajh idudkHfhka w¾: olajkqfha mYapd;a idïm%odhsl wjêh f,ihs. mYapd;a uOHld,Sk ft;sydisl wjêh kQ;k wjêh f,i ie<fla. jevjiï l%uh fyda lDIsld¾ñl Ndjfhka ñ§ Okjdoh, ld¾ñllrKh, f,!lsl lrKh, inqoaêl lrKh yd cd;sl rdcH hk ;;ajhka yd wdh;k yryd kQ;k;ajh ia:dmkh úh.(Barker,2005.p.444) kQ;k;ajh hk fhÿu idudkHfhka iudc ;;ajhla, l%shdj,shla, ke;fyd;a l;sldjla ye¢kaùu i|yd Ndú; lrhs. weka;ks .svkaia th ks¾jpkh lrkqfha fu f,isks.

zzkQ;k iudch ke;fyd;a ld¾ñl YsIagdpdrh hk fhÿï flá jqj iqúi,a is;=jula ueùug iu;a tajd fõ. th f,dalh ms<sn| wdl,am iuQyhla yd iïnkaO fõ. f,dalh ñksia ueÈy;aùfuka fjkia l< yels h. hk wdl,amh tys uQ,sl fõ. fojkqj th wd¾Ól wdh;k iuQyhla iu. o iïnkaO fõ. úfYaIfhka u ld¾ñl ksIamdok yd fj<|fmd, wd¾Ólh ta yd iïnkaO fõ. tfuka u foaYmd,k wdh;k iuqyhla o Bg iïnkaO fõ. cd;sl rdcH yd nyq ck m%cd;ka;%jdoh tu foaYmd,k wdh;k hs. fï ,laIKj, m%;sM,hla jYfhka kQ;k;ajh mQ¾j iudc l%uj,g jvd .;sl;ajhlska hq;= fõ. th jvd ;dlaIKsl jQ jvd ixlS¾K jQ wdh;kj,ska iqieÈ iudchls. mQ¾jfhka mej;s ljr fyda iudc l%uhlg th iu fkd fõ. th w;S;h foig jvd wkd.;h foig fhduq jQ iudc l%uhlsZZ(Giddens,1998,94).

.svkaia kQ;k;ajh ms<sn| lrk ú.%yhg we;=<;a ish¨ u wdh;k, l%shdj,s yd wdl,am iïm%odhsl fkd jk fyj;a mYapd;a iïm%odhsl f,i .efka. zziïm%odhslZZ hk úfYaIK moh kQ;k hkak yd iy iïnkaO m%;smlaIhla f,i jHqyKh l< yels jqj;a zziïm%odhZZ hk fhÿu tf,i kQ;k;ajhg m%;smlaI jHqyhl tla O%ejhla f,i fhÈh fkd yels h. iïm%odh hkq mQ¾jfhka ±lajQ mßÈ jHqyhls. th i¾jld,Sk fõ.tksid u iuld,sl o fõ.zzkQ;k iïm%odhZZ ke;fyd;a zzkùk iïm%odhZZ f,i fh§fï § iïm%odh kQ;k;ajh o we;=<;a lr.kakd jHqyhla jk nj meyeÈ,s fõ. kQ;k;ajh ixl,amhls; tfuka u Ndú;hls. tfy;a iïm%odh hkq ixialD;sl jHqyhls. idïm%odhsl hkq fjk;a ixl,amhls. th ljr fyda ixl,am wdl,am ke;fyd;a Ndú;hka iu`. .kq fokq lrhs. th b;sydih fyda merKs nj fjkqfjka fmkS isák ixl,amhls. wkkH;dj ms<sn| m%Yakfha § idïm%odhsl nj b;d jeo.;a fõ. iïm%odh w;S; {dkh;a iuld,Sk {dkh;a w;r iïnkaOh f.dvk.k jHqyh fõ. th kQ;k;ajhg úreoaO jQjla fkdfõ.

hg;aúð;lrKfha m%;sM,hla f,i ixialD;sl wkkH;d fidhd .ekSfï .eg`Mjg uqyqK §ug fndfyduhla hg;aúð;lrKhg ,lajQ rgj,g isÿ úh. tu l%shdj,sfha § fndfyduhla hg;aúð; W.;=ka Ndú;hg .;a fhÿu jQfha iïm%odh hkakhs. ta w;S; {dkh yd iuld,Sk {dkh w;r md,ula ;kd .ekSfï wNd,dIfhks. fï l%shdj,sfha § iajfoaYsl nqoaêu;=ka meg,s,a,g fy¨ ;;ajh jQfha iïm%odh yd iïm%odhsl nj tlsfkl ñY% fldg wjfndaO lr .ekSuhs. iïm%odh ms<sn| kQ;k wjêfha we;s jQ Wkkaÿj hqfrdamSh {dk óudxidfõ u m%;sM,hls. kQ;k;ajh ;=< idïm%odhsl {dkh ia:dk .; lsÍfï § iïm%odhka wNskjfhka ks¾udKh lsÍu hg;aúð; Ndú;hla úh. iajfoaYslhka fï kj iïm%odhka iïm%odhsl {dkh u fyda Ndú;h hehs jrojd jgyd .eksK. hg;aú;j, kQ;k;ajh yd iïm%odhsl;ajh hk fofla u l;Dlhd hg;aúð; lrjd u fõ(Strathern,1996.pp.40-45).ta i|yd hg;aúð;lrejd iïm%odh ksmoùfï ld¾hfhys ksu.ak fjhs.

fjila W;aijh tf,i wNskjfhka ksmo jQ iïm%odhls. w;S;fha wdñi mQcd nyq, fjila W;aijhla ms<sn| jd¾;d ±lsh fkd yels h. ´,alÜ;=udg miq j ìysjQ wo wm woyk zzhqfrda nqoaOd.fuysZZ fjila W;aijh hkq k;a;, fuka u iqúi,a WmkaÈk W;aijhls. wo mj;ajk fjila W;aij foi n,k úg th hg;aúð; ks¾udKhla f,i fkd fmfka. jir oyia .Kkl b;sydihla iys; iïm%odhla f,i th úoHudk fõ.tfy;a th hg;a úð; wjêfha wNskjfhka ks¾udKh l< iïm%odhkaf.ka hqla; fõ.(Perera,Nihal,1998) idïm%odhsl ±Kqu yd kQ;k ±Kqu ixl,kfhka fï kj iïm%odh jHqykh lr we;. fuh imqrd u iïm%odh ks¾udKh lsÍuhs. th kQ;k, mqoa., flako%S h l%shdj,shls.

iïm%odh ksmoùu

1983 § m%ldYhg m;a jQ ,kavka úYajúoHd,fha n¾la nela fld,Sðfha iudc wd¾Ól b;sydih ms<sn| fiajd iïu; uydpd¾hjrfhl= jQ tßla fydíia fndõï yd Tlaia*¾â úYajúoHd,fha jd¾.sl in|;d ms<sn| uydpd¾hjrfhl= jQ fgrkaia f¾kac¾ úiska ixialrKh lrkq ,enQ zziïm%odh ksmoùïZ (The Invention of tradition)   lD;sh u.ska iïm%odh kue;s fhÿfï ÈjHuh /ia j,,a, .,jd ouk ,È. fï lD;sfha ye¢kaùu we;=`M j ,sms 7la úh. Bg ,sms iemhQ wfkla úoHd¾Òka jQfha  yQ fg%fjda¾-frdm¾" fm%a fuda.ka" fâúâ lekäka" n¾kdâ tia.fldfyka hk wh hs. Tjqkaf.a wOHhkj,g mdol jQfha ì%;dkHh yd ì%;dkHh hg;a úð;j, iïm%odhka ksmoùu ms<sn| Ydia;%Sh úu¾IK hs. uE;l § iïmdokh l< Ndú;hka iuQyhla tl È.g wLKav j mj;ajdf.k hdu yd w;S; ñÿfuka jeiS .sh b;sydihla ms<sn| Wreuh Bg wdfrdamKh fldg iïm%odhdkq.; lrkq ,en we;s wdldrh fï wOHhk j,ska fy<sorõ flßK.(Hobsbawm, Ranger,1983.pp1-14) fo jk f,dal hqoaOh wjia:dfõ úkdY jQ ì%;dkH md¾,sfïka;= Yd,dj bÈlsÍu i|yd tys merKs ie<eiau u Ndú; lrñka f.d;sla iïm%odh h<s m%;s ks¾udKh lsÍu iïm%odh ksmoùug lÈu WodyrKhls. th fldf;la iïm%odhdkq.; f,i fmkqk o kQ;k bÈ lsÍuls (ibid.pp 1-2).jHjydrh yd iïm%odh w;r we;s iïnkaOh o Tjqkaf.a wjOdkhg ,la fõ. l< hq;af;a l=ulao hkak, jHjydrh úiska ;SrKh lrkq ,nk w;r jHjydrh mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd wjYH fuj,ï yd tys Ñrd.; l%uh iïmdokh lrkqfha iïm%odh úisks. jHjydrh ì|jegqkfyd;a iïm%odh o ì|jefÜ.(ibid.pp 2-3).jHjydrhg ueÈy;a ùfuka iïm%odh ksmoùu l< yels h. iïm%odh wNskjfhka bÈ lsÍu ms<sn| frdó,d ;dm¾f.a úuiqu ie<ls,a,g .ksuq.woH;k bkaÈhdkq ia;%sh ld,dkq rEm j bÈlrkq ,enQ ySk lrk ,o fm!¾Ihlska hqla; i;ajfhl= ùu ms<sn| wehf.a wjOdkh fhduq fõ.

zzlsishï iqúfYaI yeisrsï rgdjla fyda wdl,amhla fyda idrO¾u moaO;shla fyda ms<s.kakg wm fm<fUk úg wm th i<lkafka yqfola iïm%odh ms<s.ekSula yeáhg. nf,ka u mgjd we;s fï Wml,amkh oekg wkdosu;a ld,hla ;siafia lsis≥ fjkilg Ndckh fkd ù mj;skakla. we;af;ka u fï Wml,amkh uy fndrejla. ukao lsjfyd;a iïm%odh msgia;rska mjrd fok tlla jqjo th >kSNjkh ù tl ;ek kej;S ;sfnk tlla fkd fõ. iïm%odhla tla mrïmrdjlska ;j;a tllg mjrdosfï yqÿ≥l%shdj,sh isÿ≥jkúg th úm¾hdi úu fkd je,elaúh yelalla. tajdf.a u iïm%odh f,i wo wm i<lk foh we;af;ka u óg fmr mrïmrd y;rlg mylg fmrd;=j iïmdokh l< fohla úh yels hs. ishjia .Kkdjla yryd wm lrd tk lsisu fohla ks¾u, wdldrfhka mj;skafka keye.

iïm%odhka úm¾hdi jk nj ms<s.ekSu;a iu. u tu iqúfYaI úm¾hdihka ljod isÿ≥jqfha o tjeks iqúfYaI úm¾hdihla isÿ≥jqfha ukao lshd;a wm weish hq;= hs. WodyrKhla jYfhka úúO mGs;j, oS .eyeKsh Ñ;%Kh lr ;sfnk wkaou .ksuq. fuf,i Ñ;%Kh lr we;af;a iïm%odhsl bkaoSh ldka;dj hehs lshefjkjd' Yl=ka;,df.a ;lkaorh uydNdr; lD;sfha oelafjk yeáhg kï ldkaajf.a wimqfõ os ÿIHka;g Yl=ka;,d yuq jq wjia:dfõ oS Tjqka fofokd újD; wjxl idñÑhl fhfokjd' bka blaì;af;ka Tyq wehg fhdckd lr lshd isákjd Tjqka fofokd .dkaO¾j újdyhg we;=Ω¨ úh hq;= nj;a túg pdrs;% jdrs;% lsisjla wjYH jkafka ke;s nj;a. ;ud Bg leu;s jkafka tlu tl fldkafoishla tkï wef.a mq;dg ljod fyda rclu ,efnk njg iy;slhla ,efnkafka kï muKle hs weh lshd isákjd' fï tl`.;djhg t<eöfuka miq fo fokd újdy fjkjd' ÿIHka; kslaó hkjd. Yl=ka;,d mq;l= m%iq; lrkjd' wjqre≥ .Kkdjlg miafia wE wef.a mq;dj ÿIHka;f.a rdc iNdjg f.k f.dia Tyqf.a Wreuh m%ldY lr isákjd' ÿIHka; wehg b;d ;=Ép wkaoñka neK joskjd' fï w;f¾ orejd ÿIHka;f.a iqcd; orefjle hs lshd wyia l=fika wefikakg mgka .kakjd' Yl=ka;,d y∫kd .ekSu m%;sfCIam lf<a fu jeks iy;slhla n,dfmdfrd;a;=fjka nj;a orejdf.a iqcd; mshd ;ud hehs hg;a jeishkag ta;a;= .ekaúh hq;= nj;a ÿIHka; lshkjd'

kuq;a ld,sodi kdgHlrejd m%ia;=; uyd Ndr; f;audfjys tk Yl=ka;,d f.a prs;h uq`Mukska u úmrsj¾;kh lrhs' ys;=uf;ag újdy jqj;a Bg fmrd;=j fmdfrdkaÿ≥jla ,nd.kakd, tf;la f.!rjdkaú; cSú;hla .; lrñka isá, ;reK ldka;djlf.a isg hgy;a my;a lSlre iudcYS,S  fkd jk ;reK ldka;djla f,ihs Yl=ka;,dj ld,sodi Ñ;%Kh lr we;af;a. Bg wkqj ÿIHka;  flfrys we;s jk wd,fhka uqim;a jk ksid u ;u whs;sjdislï i|yd fmkSs isákakg;a wE wfmdfydi;a fjhs' ÿIHka; bosrsfha ;ukaf.a yd ;u mq;=f.a whs;Ska i|yd fmkS isákakg t;rï Wkkaÿjla fkd fjk weh ÿIHka;g ;ud y÷kd.kakg ners jq úg rdc iNdj yermshd wdfhu;a jk .; jkafka ;u orejdg Tyqf.a Wreuh ,nd .eksug fkd yels úfuka yd ish wdorjka;hd ;udg wysñ úfuka we;s jq ;on, l,lsrSu fya;=fjks'

l=;=y,h okjk ldrKh kï wo ojfia wm Yl=ka;,d .ek l:d lrk úg wm tlajr u isyslr .kafka ld,sodi úiska iïmdos; Yl=ka;,d ksrEmK hhs' kuq;a ljqreka fyda Yl=ka;,d .ek l:d lrkjd kï .; hq;af;a uyd Ndr;h lD;sfha oelafjk prs;h hs' ukaoh;a th ld,sodif.a ikakhg jvd mqΩ¨,a ksid;a Bg ijka ÿka Y%djl msrsi w;s uy;a ù hehs is;sh yels ksid;a h' ld,sodif.a ikakh rdc iNdjg iïnkaO iq`MΩ;r fm%alaIld.drhg muKla isud jqjla'

ld,sodif.a ikakh muKla m%fCIamKh lrñka Bg wkq.%h oelaùu ;=<ska wo wm lr we;af;a tys jdishg lreKq ;skaÿ≥lsrsula. ld,sodif.a ikakh f;dardf.k th iïm%odhsl hehs wm m%lafIamKh lr we;af;a wehs oehs meyeos,s hs' ia;%sh jkdys ,eÊcdYS,S jeä l:d nfya fkd fhfok lSlre ;eke;a;shla jYfhka m%lafIamKh lsrsu wo wmg wjYHhs' ia;%sh jkdys fhdackd ms<s.kakd ;u ;;ajh ms<s.ekSu rcq m%;slafIam l< úg oeä f,i jdo fldg ;u ;;ajh wdrlaId lrk ;eke;a;shl jYfhka Ñ;%Kh lrkakg wmg ´k keye...ZZ^;dm¾,frdñ,d,1999 ms'1-3&

wNskjfhka  iïmdÈ; ia;%sh ms<sn| iïm%odh .ek ;dm¾f.a ú.%yfhka iïm%odh ksmoùfï ld¾hfhys iajNdjh ms<sn| ióm wjfndaOhla ckkh jkq we;.

iudf,dapkh yd ks.uk

bkaÿ Wm uyoaùmsl rgj, iïm%odh kue;s ixl,amh wd.ï iu`. ne§ È.= b;sydihla mqrd mej; ths. th iuia: ixialD;sl Ôú;h u kshdukh lrk n,fõ.hla f,i Ndú; flßK. foúhkaf.ka werfUk iïm%odh wLKav j mj;ajdf.k hdu muKla ñksidf.ka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ. fuf,i fï ixi,amh mej;sh o iïm%odh hk NdId;aul fhÿu fï fmrÈ. rgj, Ndú;hg t<ôfha hg;aúð; lrKhg miqjhs. ta t<shÜ ta ms<sn| l< wjOdrKhg miq j úh hq;= h.

iïm%odh hkq w;S; {dkh j¾;udkh yd uqiq lrk jHqyh hs. th NdIdj,{d;s l%uh jeks u jHqyhls. kQ;k;ajhg m%;smlaI fhÿula f,i iïm%odh hkak Ndú; l< o tfia l< fkd yels h. hg;aúð; lrejd úiska w;S; ixialD;sl wkkH;d kQ;k;ajh ;=< m%;s ksIamdokh lsÍfï § Ndú; lf<a iïm%odh kue;s fuj,u hs. th jHqyhla jk ksid ixl,amhla fuka m%;smlaI fhÿï yd ixys;d .; l< fkd yels h. iïm%odhsl hk fhÿu iïm%odfhka fjkia jQ b;sydih yd w;S; Wreuh ix{d lrk ixl,amhls. th jHqyhla fkd fõ. th kQ;k;ajhg m%;amlaI j msysgqúh yels h.

iïm%odh yeu wNskj tallhlska u fjkia Ndjhg m;a fõ. th foúhkaf.ka ,efnk wdf,dalhla fkdj mqoa.,hd úiska u ksmojkq ,nk mqoa.,hd úiska u fjkia lrñka mj;ajdf.k hkakls. iïm%odhka jHqykh lsÍug;a mj;ajdf.k hdug;a yelafla wd¾Ól foaYmd,k n,h iys; tacka;hkag muKs. m%d.aOkh ysñ mka;sh ke;fyd;a n,h ysñ mka;sh úiska ks¾udKh lrk iïm%odhka ks¾m%N+ cd;s, mka;s fyda ,sx.slhka úiska mj;ajdf.k hkq ,eîu ±lsh yels idudkH ;;ajh hs. zzidudkH ±kSuZZ ;=< iïm%odh, ÈjHuh NdIs; jk nj;a tajd wNsfhda.hg ,la lsÍu foaj Ydmhg fya;= jk nj;a m%ldYhg m;a lrkqfha m%d.aOk ysñ mka;sh úisks. ta wkqj iïm%odh hkq ks¾m%N+kag y;=re jQ m%;s mlaI jHqyhle hs fkd .; hq;= h. iïm%odh iaùlrKh fldg f.k th ks¾m%N+ ixrplhkaf.ka h<s ks¾udKh lsÍfï yelshdj tys úIh jia;= njg m;ajQ msßig we;. ,xldõ md¾,sfïka;= ue;sjrK iïm%odh, mdie,a wOHdmk iïm%odh, fn!oaOd.ñl iïm%odh, mjqf,a jHqyh yd foam< fn§hdu ms<sn| iïm%odh, l=< yd jdi.ï §fï iïm%odh wdÈh fï wdldrhg mSä; mka;s úiska jyd m%;s jHqykh lrkq ,eìh hq;= nj fmfka.    

iïm%odh hkq idys;H úpdrhg fuka u iudc úpdrhg;a iudc ixfYdaOkhg;a Ndú; l< yels ixialD;sl jHqyhls.    

mdol igyka(

1.m%fïh r;akdj,sfha nd,foaj úoHdN+IK olajd we;af;a zziïm%odh úySkfha uka;%iaf;a ksYaM, uk½ZZ hkqfjks ^1 fldgfia 5-6 Yaf,dal&

2.m%;dNd wmQ¾j jia;= ks¾udKdlaIud m%{d^m%;sNdj hkq wmQ¾j jia;= ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd lsishï flfkl= i;=j mj;sk m%{djhs&.m%{d kjkfjdakafïIYd,skS m%;sNd u;d id ys plaIQ¾ N.;f;aia ;D;Shñ;s .Shf;.^kj wre;a laIKfhys jegfykakd jQ nqoaêh m%;sNdjhs.fï nqoaêh flf;la iqõfYAIs o h;a th BYajrf.a f; jeks weig iu fõ.& 

3. isxy, Ydka;slaruj, werUqu nqÿkaf.a ,xld .uKh yd iïnkaO lrk ck m%jdohla fufia h.zz... ñksia f,djg ú;a ukqIHhka yg Wmøj muqKqjkakd jQ hlaIhska oukh lsrSu i|yd nqÿ rcdkka jykafia tla oskla hlaIhskaf.a jdiia:dkh jk ilaj, .,g jeähy.Wkajykafiaf.a wdrlaIdj msKsi Yl% foafõkaøhd;a legqj hkag is;+ kuq;a  nqÿ rcdkka jykafia Bg fkdleue;s jQ fial. yqol,dj hlaIhka uOHhg fkd hkq uekjehs Yl% foafõkaøhd úiska fkdfhla f,i lkak,õ lrk ,o uq;a nqÿ rcdkka jykafia Tyq lS nia fkd wid uy¨ ys`.kafkl=f.a fjia f.k .shy. ilaj, .f,ys uqyqfoa osh ì÷ ;rug hlaIfhda yqkay. l=ula i|yd wjqoehs Tjqka nqÿrÿka w;ska úpd, l,ayS rd;%sfha kjd;eka msKsi hhs Wkajykafia ms<s;=re ÿkay. fuys fkdys| hjhs hlaIfhda lSy. wo rd;%sfha muKla k;rùug l=vd ;ekla fokq uekjhs nqÿka úiska hd{d lrk ,o l,ays hlaIfhda Wkajykafia hla fifkúhd bosrshg hejQy. .,la u; mgq ia:dkhl rd;%sh f.ùug hla fifkúhd úiska nqÿq rÿkag wjir fok ,os. wkaOldrh me;sfr;a u nqÿqrcdkka jykafia iajlSh YrSrfhka rYañ ud,d ksl=;a lrjd ., r;a jkakg ie,iqjdyq h. hlaIhskag WYakh ksid wmdiq oefkkag úh. blaì;s Tjqka f.dia tmqj; hla fifkúhdg ie, l< uq;a ta uy,q ys`.kakdg tn÷ ydialula flfia kï l< yels fõ oehs lshñka hla fifkúhd ta nj fkd weoyS h. tfy;a WIaKh uo uo j wêl ù f.dia fl<jr oS ., .sKs.;a l,la fuka nn,kag úh. tl,ays hlaIfhda ish¨ fokd u ìhm;a j wjq;a nqÿka jykafia md uq, jeà wms fiï fidgq nqosk ld,lkaks i;aj j¾.hd jïy, wmg wkqlïmd lr jod, uekjehs ne.Em;a j lSy. nq\qka jykafia Tjqka flfrys wkqlïmd Wmojd uu f;dmg wNh foñ. tfy;a f;dm úiska ud lshk nia weiqj ukd h. ukqIHhska yg frda. Wmøj we;s lsrSug uu f;dmg jrï foñ. tfy;a tn÷ wjia:djl oS weÿrka úiska f;dm le|jd fod< msfoaks fok ,o l,ayS f;dm úiska tu ia:dkhg meñK fod< msfoaks ms<sf.k wd;=rhd iqj fldg hd hq;= hhs wK fldg ilaj, ., h<s mshú iajNdjhg m;a fldg t;ekska jeä fialZZ^irÉpkaø,isxy, .eñ kdglh,1968^1999&(41&

4. Tradition as a noun:

• 1 [mass noun] the transmission of customs or beliefs from generation to generation, or the fact of being passed on in this way:members of different castes have by tradition been associated with specific occupations
• [count noun] a long-established custom or belief that has been passed on from one generation to another:Japan’s unique cultural traditions
• [in singular] an artistic or literary method or style established by an artist, writer, or movement, and subsequently followed by others:visionary works in the tradition of William Blake

• 2 Theology a doctrine believed to have divine authority though not in the scriptures, in particular:
• [mass noun] (in Christianity) doctrine not explicit in the Bible but held to derive from the oral teaching of Christ and the Apostles.
• (in Judaism) an ordinance of the oral law not in the Torah but held to have been given by God to Moses.
• (in Islam) a saying or act ascribed to the Prophet but not recorded in the Koran.   (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/)

uQ,dY%(

uQ, lD;s(

• ldjHdo¾Yh^iqfndaOkS jHdLHd iys;&, ixia( fmaur;k ysñ je,súáfha iy foajdkkao ysñ y,a.iaf;dg^2001&.urodk( iuhj¾Ok fmd;a y,.
• iso;a i`.rdj, ixia( f;kakfldaka,/,^1967&.fld<U( weï.ã. .Kfiak iy iud.u.
• ishnia,lr úia;r j¾Kkdj, ixia({dkiSy ysñ, fyakamsgf.or^1964&.fld<U( iajNdId m%ldYlfhda.

YíofldaI(

·         bx.%Sis isxy, YíofldaIh, ixia( u,,fialr,.=Kmd,^1958&.^1992 uqøKh&,fld<U(.=Kfiak.

·                     ixialD; isxy, Yío fldaIh,w,.shjkak^1925&m%ldYk f;dr;=re ke;.

·         Oxferd Advnce Lernes dictionary (2000) ed: Sally Wehmeier, (6^th edition),Oxford:University press.

.%ka: yd ,sms(

·         t<shÜ à.tia ^1917& iïm%odh yd m%f;Hl fl!Y,Hh.mß( iqrùr.ta.ù,1999,iïm%odh ks¾udKh yd úpdrh, fld<U 10(f.dvf.a m%ldYk.

·         l=udriajdñ,wdkkao ^1962&.uOHld,Sk isxy, l,d. mrs(tÉ.tï.fidaur;ak, fld<U( ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j.

·                                 .=kisxy, isrs ^1986&.Ñrka;k iïm%odh yd m%.;sh, fld<U10(f.dvf.a m%ldYk.

·         ;dm¾,frdñ,d ^1999&.iïm%odh .ek ÿ¾u;( bkaoSh foa;dúhka .ek kj lshùula. mrs( rxcs;a fmf¾rd, fld<U(iudc úoHd{hskaf.a ix.uh.

·         osidkdhl,úu,a ^2004&.kj úpdr ixl,am( {dk lafIa;%fhys m%jK;d. fndr,eia.uqj( úis÷kq m%ldYlfhda.

·                           irÉpkaø, tosrsùr^1967&.kdgH .fõYk,le,Ksh( ùuxid m%ldYk.

·         Apte, V.S (1965), The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary: containing appendices on Sanskrit prosody and important literary and geog¾phical names of ancient India,India: Motilal Banarsidass Publ.

·                                 Barker, Chris(2005). Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice.London: Sage.

·         Barthes, Roland (1991). Mythologies. translated from the French by Annette Lavers, New York: The Noonday Press.

·         Barucha, Rustom(1990).Theatre and The World - Essays on Performance and Politics on Culture, India: Manohar Publications.

·         Eagleton,Terry(1996).Literary Theory: An Introduction. 2^nd edition. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press.

·         Ebert, Gabriele (2006), Ramana Maharshi: His Life, Lulu.com

·         Giddens, Anthony( 1998). Conversations with Anthony Giddens: Making Sense of Modernity. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press.

·         Gombrich.R and ,Obeysekara.G (1988).Buddhism Transformed:Religious change in Sri Lanka, Princeton: Princeton University press.

·                                 Gupta, R (2002). Sampradaya in Eighteenth Century Caitanya Vaisnavism, India:ICJ

·         Hobs Bawm ,Eric (1983) Introduction: Inventing Traditions. The Invention Of Tradition, (Ed:)  Eric Hobsbawm And Terence Ranger, pp.1-14.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

·                                 Leavis, F. R. (1950).The Great Tradition. New York: George W. Stewart, Publisher Inc.

·         Perera ,Nihal(1998).Society and Space:Colonialism Nationalism and Postcolonial Identity in Sri Lanka, Boulder:Westview Press.

·         Strathern, Marilyn(1996). Enabling Identity? Biology, Choice and the New Reproductive Technologies.  in Questions of Cultural Identity(ed:) Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay, London,Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: SAGE Publications.

·         Saussure, Ferdinand de (1966)). Course in General Linguistics. (trans. Wade Baskin) London: Hill Book Company.

E-Books:

·         Barry,Peter(2002).Beginning theory. [e-book] Wales:University Press. Available through: lanquiz.org website< lanquiz.org/assets/pdf-books/lanquiz. org__beginning _theory __an_introduction_to_literary_and_cultural_theory__second_edition_.pdf > [30.12.2012].