Sunday, July 13, 2014

Caste Roots of Sinhalese Mask Drama (kolam)



Caste Roots of Sinhalese Mask Drama (kolam)
Jayantha Amarasinghe
 Saman M.Kariyakarawana

Abstract

M.D Raghavan, who made a study of native races and castes expresses that the mask drama, a kind of folk drama existed and in fact still existing to some extent in west and south coast of maritime regions in Sri Lanka is related with the Karava caste which is one of the major migratory castes of the island. The object of this study is to launch a deep investigation into the observation he made with special reference to the Tukkavadu Kolam ancestry of Maha Ambalangoda which belongs to Karava caste. Literary sources relavents to mask drama published in various fields of studies have been used for this research. Data has been collected mainly from individuals and artists by adopting the Snowball Sampling method and literature engaged in various spheres on Kolam drama. The Analysis uses both these kinds of data as its basis.

The study revealed the following important points. The commencement of mask drama in Sri Lanka is associated with the Karava caste army brought from Kanchi puram,Kilakkare, Kaveri Pattanam when Puttalam was seized by Mukkaras, a group of invaders in the reign of king Parakramabahu-vi of Kotte. Those peoples were the believers of the Godess Kali at that time even the local people had already been performing variety of dancing by way of offering to demons and deities. It seems probable that the Kolam nataka came to being as a result of blending of Kolamthullal dance performed by Keralas on behalf of the Goddess Kali with the kind of dancing already existed in the island. Adoption as an entertainment of early practice performed for Kali in the colonial politico-economic context could be examined later.

Carpentry was the duty assigned to Karava cast in the feudal system. Thus they were inborn artists in carving masks. The most significant fact came to light out of this investigation done into the history of Tukkawadu ancestry of Maha Ambalangoda which attracted the attention of a large number of those who studied the mask is this it was the ritual dancers or gurunnanses (sinhala) -devil dancers- of Thunduwa and Suddagoda, two villages of Berava (tom-tom beaters) cast in Bentota, who contributed singing, playing, words and verse to the mask drama. Though at the begging people belonging to different castes performed just the particular duty entrusted to him in time to come they took part in many other trades without distinction. Accordingly those who belonged to Karava caste took part in singing and playing where as that of Berava practiced carving masks. On the basis of the above inquiries the following findings were reached. Namely the origin of mask drama cannot be traced by means of one particular caste. It is an admixture of multi-ethnic and multi-religious cultural elements. While changing its form in accordance with time and tide mask drama under went influence of various cultures in its mode from exorcism to delight full and incidental art. Even in case of Tukkavadu ancestry which is the subject of this study a singular contribution has been made by both the castes Karava and Berava to the continuity of the mask drama. Although it is invariably associated with the migration of Karava cast the mask drama cannot be branded exclusively as a heritage of their own. It can be observed that following the national independence without resorting to cast issues there is a tendency towards continuity of performing art such as mask drama as one of the national symbolism. This approach diminished cast identities further.

Key words: Kolam, Karawa, Berawa, Ambalangoda, Bentota


INTRODUCTION:

Mask drama or Kōlam (mockery) is a kind of folk-drama solely native to maritime regions of south and west lowland (See Map 1) of Sri Lanka. Performance done wearing a mask, playing the low-country drum and the trumpet, performance of all men’s and women’s parts exclusively by men, inclusion of a long-pre performance and a group of common characters,1 and performance of one or two episodes following the pre performance 2 etc. are the identical  features of the mask drama.
M. D. Raghavan who made a study of ethnic groups of Sri Lanka also investigated into arts and crafts associated with its various ethnic types.  Among the special issues that attracted his attention are the relations between Sokari drama and kinnara (mat weavers) tribe 3 (1951:237- 248) and that of mask drama and the Karava caste (1961).
Ambalangoda was the place most popular for mask drama in the decade 1960. Among the people of Karava caste in Ambalangoda there had already prevailed characteristic features of a tradition of mask drama dating back to some centuries at the time when Raghavan carried out his study.

OBJECTIVES:
 The study tries to examine most thoroughly the issue pointed out by Raghavan, i.e. the relations between Karava caste of Ambalangoda and the mask drama on the one hand and to identify the caste background with special reference to mask drama of Ambalangoda on the other. Accordingly the object of this study is to try to solve the two basic problems, i.e. first how mask drama came to be connected with the Karava caste and second whether it is an art related exclusively to that particular caste as Raghavan surmises?
                                                                                
METHODOLOGY:
Data has been collected mainly from literary sources dealing with various spheres on Kolam drama. Eight interviews with important individuals and artists were conducted by adopting the Snow Ball Sampling Method. A Snow ball grows gradually through accumulation of snow around it.  The number of persons whom we should interview also was determined in the similar way. Once a first group of persons were interviewed, it was they who suggested the next group who should be interviewed, like this the process went on.  For this purpose two Tale Phone conversations were employed and in addition World Wide Web also was used.

DISCUSSION:

Composition of the caste and the Karava in Sri Lanka following the Kotte ruling Period
There is a multitude of studies carried out on diversity of castes that existed and that still exists in the Sinhalese society. Ryan has summarized the classifications pertaining to the subject made by Europeans (1993:65-72). Coomaraswamy’s view of the Sinhalese caste system is as follows:  The Sinhalese since remote past were having intimate and uninterrupted ties with South Indians. As a result it is not the caste difference of Aryayans but that of Tamils which has come to exist among the Sinhalese(1962:20).  Various tribes that had migrated from South India of a later date were found living as diverse castes in the Sinhalese society(Ryan,1993:11). Ariyapala studying the Medieval Sinhalese Society gives a description of the composition of the caste in the contemporary army which is found in Dambadeni-Asna (epistle). In it 57 castes which differ from one another on the basis of their duty or profession are given. In his study two professionals called Balibatuvo and Kāli natanno (Kāli dancers) are also mentioned.These two professionals can be taken as two subordinate groups who helped the army. Both these groups would have fulfilled religions needs. (1956:161-166) But karava is not available within those 57 castes.
R. Pieris has done an authoritative theoretical study of establishment of the caste system in the Sinhalese society. He examines in detail the background of caste system taking into consideration the facts given in the Nīti Nighanduwa and the Jana-vansa. (1964:181- 190) All these studies confirm that the history of Karava caste does not go beyond the Kotte Period. How the Karava caste having arrived here came to the fore among the lesser castes is described by R.Pieris in the following manner: “Nawandanna caste (blacksmiths) was recognized as the dominant one among the lesser castes in the 17th century. Then following one and half a century Dave prepared a document according to which it was the Karava that occupied the prominent position among the lesser castes. However, as some people viewed that the Acāri Kulaya (the caste of blacksmiths) was the dominant one among the lesser castes the notion that the Karava was prominent remained as a matter of opinion. In his description of their honorary titles and designations it is noteworthy that even a nominal reference not been made to the Karava caste by Knox. It was in Dutch areas lying outside the control of the king of Kandy (capital city of up country) that Karava  people were living. “As they committed killing fish” the Karava caste people had been up to the latter part of Kandy Period, treated as a mean caste but were given recognition for it was they who supplied salt and dry fish to the sovereign. Those who fled from maritime regions and settled down in Kandyan areas were admitted to very important Madige or transport agency owing to the Dutch policy of obstructing the highway”. (1964:188).
Description of Coomaraswamy based on the Sinhala poem titled “the Jana Vansaya” written by kessallena Sinha on castes and their Hierarchy following Kotte Period draws in excellent picture of the caste diversity prevailing at that time.
According to the “Jana Vansa” caste procedure is as follows:
(1)               Goviyo(Handuruvo-knoxs “Hondroos”-Wellālayo)(cultivators)
(2)               Pēsakāroyo (Salāgomayō “Hāli” viyanno) (chalias, cloth weavers)
(3)               Kamburu (Navandanno, Galladdo) (goldsmiths, stone workers )
(4)               Waduvo (Carpenters, blacksmiths etc.)
(5)               Hannāli (tailors)
(6)               Radavu (washers)
(7)               Embättayō (Karanävämiyō)(barbers)
(8)               Sommarayō (Ham wäda karannō)( leather workers)
(9)               Durāvō (Rāmādinnō)(toddy drawers)
(10)         Kumbhakārayō (Badahälayō)(potters)
(11)           Karāvō (Mālu allannō)(fishers and Carpenters )
(12)           Väddō (Dadayam Karannō)(hunters)
(13)           Beravāyō (Tūryavādakayō, Redi viyannō, very often Näkätiyō)(tom-tom beaters)
(14)           Hakuruvō (jaggery -makers)
(15)           Hunnō (lime burners)
(16)           Pannayō (grass cutters)
(17)           Yamannō (iron smelters)
(18)           Väl waduvō(basket -makers)
(19)           Gahalayō (lower labours)
(20)           Paduvō(Slave farmers, sedan carries)
(21)           Mālākārayō (lower florist, rangers)
(22)           Kinnarayō  (mat weavers)
(23)           Rodiyō (ropes makers, leather tanners)
(24)           Oliyō (dancers)
(25)           Indrajālikayō (magic showers )
(26)           Candālayō (beef eaters, scavengers) (1962:20.21)
Raghavan’s study:
“Kolam as an art has passed through several stages until it has evolved into the colorful folk play that it is today, in the hands, largely, of the Karava  of Ambalangoda. A well-known exponent of the art here is J. W. Ariyapala Ambalangoda has a rich heritage of the art and men of all ages practice it here (1961:126p)
            “Social Arts” is how Raghavan calls the chapter VII his work titled” Karava . Describing these facts in great detail he gives his account of kolam under subtopic “The kolam, the art of Ambalangoda”.(1961: 125-132) Information Raghavan has given suggests that kolam play is a cultural feature of the Karava . In addition to kolam he gives information even about Nādagam (a kind of drama) which is also as an art belonging to the Karava . Nādagam play is also an incidental art that developed in the hands of the Karava.
            “Rt. Rev. Dr. Edmond Peiris, OMI, Former Bishop of Chilaw, who carried out various researches in areas where catholic faith has been wide spread, says that the first Sinhala nādagama was written by Mr. Mihindu Kulasooriya Gabriel Fernando of Chilaw. It is the Purāna Raja Tunkattuwa.
            The year 1746 A. D. as the date of this play is given in a diary of a person of this caste. The same author has also written another work titled “Marigidā Nādagama” (Pieris, Edmond, 1958:10.14 was quoted by Kariyawasam, T,1979:12).
“Raja Tun Kattuwa” (Three kings), all three cognomens Mihindukulasooriya, Varnakulasooriya, and Kurukulasooriya are treated as belonging to Karava caste. Thus both kolam (mask drama) and Nādagama (stage play) the two kinds of incidental arts are understood to be associated with the Karava caste.

Kolam Tullāl and the local yak nätuma (devil dance)

            Referring to the Indian influence on kolam drama Raghavan puts forward the following view:
            “The Kolam is obviously a child of the cult of demons. That it comes in direct heritage from the demon Cult is what I am led to conclude from my observations of the traditional Cult of the Kolam Thullal of rural Malabar.Kolam Thullal literally means “dis guised dances” weird dances by the devil-dances of rural Malabar,in a ritual ceremony against evil influences. The dancers wear grotespue masks impersonating the spirits. The masks are crudely made of the broad leaf sheath of the Arecanut palm” (1961:125-126).
This is the information M. H. Goonatilleke gives in respect of kolam Thullal:
“At present a kind of dance called kolam Thullal is found in kerala in South India. This dance is described by M. D. Raghavan (1964: 129) and Rāgini Devi (1966:48) as follows:
“Mr. Raghavan says that kolam Thullal of kerala is a “Vrutha chāritra” (cult) which protect man from evil forces. Therefore it takes the form of defensive (yātu karma) sorcery. Kolam tullal which commences in particular in mid-March is a dance performed in kovils which the Goddess Kāli guards. This dance goes on till mid June.
During this period the whole place fills with festivities. As Ragini Devi asserts actors who disguise themselves as spirits of the Goddess kāli perform dances imitative of them in order to drive away the harmful spirits.” (Goonatilleka, M. H. 1968:23-24)
            C. de S. Kulatilleke who examines into kolam (mask drama) and the kali faith expresses his opinion on kolam Thullal drama and its migration to the west coast of Sri Lanka.
“It was by “Vedar women” who wore masks that the “Kolam Thullal” dance was performed in Kerala so as to make harvest rich. Masks have been worn in order to disguise themselves as the Goddas Kāli. Dance performance by women in faiths in India is invariably a custom associated with sacrificial ceremonies aimed at fertilizing harvest” (1968:28).
            “Soldiers Parakramabahu VI of Kotte got down from Kerala settled down in lowland regions in Sri Lanka. It is probable that the Kāli temples erected in maritime regions were meant for these soldiers. Kolam Thullal dance performed in Kerala in order to get good harvest may have been performed even here (in these kovils)” (ibid:29)
            The Venerable Weligama Sumangala Thera by using an old palm leaf manuscript as a source makes the following analysis pertaining to (i) soldiers got down from kerala at the time of Parakramabahu vi, (ii) the places where they settled down and (iii) the origin of the Karava  in Sri Lanka:
            “An army force called Mukkura came and seized Puttalam in the reign of Sri Parakramabāhu of kotte. Then the king Parākramabāhu wrote to the three countries, kāncipura-kāvēri-Pattanama-kīlakkarē and got down troops comparing 7740 men and defeated the Mukkura force and captured the fort (Puttalam). The names of those who lead the troops are also known, namely, Vaccanāttu Dēvarīr, Kurukulanāttu Dēvarīr, Mānikka Talavēn, Adi Arasa Adappa Unnähē, Varnasooriya Adappa Unnähē, kurukulasooriya, Mudiyansē, Arsakulasooriya Mudiyanse, Arasanila Itta Mudiyanse and 18 Arachchies. This book says that the officer called Mānikktlavēn was slain by Mukkarus in the battle. Even Simon Casie Chitty Unnähe records that Mānikka Thalavēn was slain by Mukkarus. It seems that the king rejoicing at the victory of those who defeated Mukkarus bestowed upon them the lands called Mädinnōruwa, Ānaolandāwa, Munnēssarama, Kammala, Thambarāwila, Hunupitiyē Vīdiya, Periyāmulle Vīdiya, kammalavīdiya, Kolompiti Maha Vīdiya, Vällēvīdiya, kurana Vīdiya and Mīgomuwa by way of copper sannasa (grant written on copper plates), and Rāvana kodiya (Rāvana flag), Ira Sanda kodiya (Flag of the sun and the Moon) and Makarā kodiya (Flag of Capricorn) also were conferred on them. (Sri Sumangala therunnanse, Weligama, 1876:60)
 Simon Casie Chitty who made an analysis of Tamil caste system says The different tribes of fishers and boatmen and which are commonly called kurukulan: that is the progeny of the planet kuru, or Jupiter and furnishes groups of some eight castes (1834:223). It is evident from the above reference that even in the Tamil caste system Kuru Kulaya (karāva vansaya)- the Karāva caste- is associated with fishery. He has given further information about the Karāva under the caption. “The mookawas of Ceylon” (1834:276)
            The Karava thus arrived in here has become the major group engaged in fishery of Sri Lanka by kotte period. Ambalangoda, one of the maintenance villages (Gabadagama)of king Wimala dharmasooriya has become one of their residences because it is rich in salt water fish. These keralas believed in the Goddess Kali. It is said that there were old kali kovils even in Ambalangoda. (Kulatilleke, C. de S. 1968:29) This is how the Parevi Sandesa (The Dove’s Message Poem) refers to the kali kovil situated in Bentota.
Ran täti ayuru nägu pin piyovuru upu                                    la
Man päti karana anganan ranga dena ipi                              la
unsäti balā siti salelun no pä ä                                                la
Bentota netera sätapeva kāli kovi                                            la
                                                      (Wijesooriya,S,2004: verse 70,)

(Like gold plates with bright breast ascending while watching women dance like floating their lovers watch them. Cross over the ford Bentota and sleep in the Hindu Temple Called Kali Kovila).

An agreeable account in respect of this very Kali temple is given even by Arthur Jayawardane. (1884:434-439) It is evident from the above verse that there had been a dance by women similar to Dig-ge Nartanaya(naked bust dance of women) in these Kali temples. According to Callaway’s copy of Kolam there seems to have been a kind of dance performed by women called the Pancha Nārī Ghata (five woman pot) even in kolam drama at the beginning. (Verses 42 to 49 and Pages 45-46) The Dig-ge Nartanaya is a custom which belonged to worshippers of local demons. (Kumara, Wasantha, 1990:46-48 ) As Pertold points out at his date (1930) the very dance was performed by five males disguised themselves as women (1973:80). Both Kolam Thullal dance and Dig-ge dance of the demon tribe of Kerala were performed by women. Kali temples of Sri Lanka are associated with these soldiers who came from Kerala. Even prior to Kotte period the faith of kali had been in Sir Lanka.4 It was with the arrival of Keralas that the faith of kali became widespread.  It is due to this very reason that Kali temples are widely distributed in west coast or regions near it is the lowland of Sri Lanka.
            Kolam Thullal dance is performed in Kerala for fortune. It is performed Kerala by women. But those who came to Sri Lanka from Kerala were just men who were soldiers. It is not known whether women also came along with those soldiers. Thus when Sinhalese women were performing dances at Kali temples in Sri Lanka on the one hand their husbands who were Kerala men themselves would probably have performed Kolam Thullal dance which gave birth to the Kolam dance. Although there Nartana(dance) such as Pancha Nārī Ghatta in the beginning even a report relating to a remnant of it comes only from the collection of masks that belongs to Udupila Kalā Sangamaya(Art society,Udupila) of Mirissa (Sarachchandra, 1999:240). Kolam dance seems to have been first a mere dance which subsequently developed as a representation performed in accordance with singing.  The whole vocabulary of the Kolam (mask drama) is taken from the devil dance. For instance, the rhythms played in the Hevā kōlama (lascar) when the rotation takes place are just the same as that of played for the Rīri yakā (Demon of blood) in the Sanni yakuma (Devil Dance of the Demon Sanni). The rhythm played for the Gurula (a mythical bird) in the kolama is just the same rhythm played for the poems of the God Vishnu occurring in the yahan kavi of the Sanni yakuma. (Norbert, 63) The same played for rhythm the Dunu Pāli of Sanniyakuma are played for the Sinha kolama. Rhythms played for the walking rhyme in the Mudali kolama are the same as that played for the Giri Devi in Shanti karma. (Ceremonial dance) (Pathmasiri, 57).
            It was according to a copy of kolam found in Talapitiya, Galle prior to 1829 that John Callaway did his study. The playwright of Talāpitiya who was the object of Callaway’s study was a man belonging to the Berawa caste (Tom- Tom beater’s caste). Callaway’s note in regard to it is as follows: “When engaged in this work accompanied by Don Nicholas Perera, the translator repeatedly visited the chief of the Galle tom- tom-beaters at Tallapittea for the purpose of sketching the masks alluded to in this poem… On inquiring after masks used in devil-workshop, he disclaimed all concern in such employments” (1829: x) as Callaway says this artist is the head of drummers. According to him (Callaway) he has nothing to do with devil dancing. At this day kolam may have been performed as a drama of entertainment by Berava caste. That is the reason why they had nothing to do with ceremonial dancing. Still there are people belonging to berawa caste in this locality and many of them have also changed their surnames.
            Otaker Pertold who studied kolam in 1930 says that there is dialogue even between characters of kolam. (1973: 66-67 pp)  It may be a modernization caused by Nādagama. (A kind of stage play) kolama came to being as an admixture of various faiths of the karāva and the natives of Kerala arrived in Sri Lanka. Later it developed as a result of both influence of Portuguese, the Dutch and the English and of Catholic and social drama such as nādagama. In consequence there can be seen a multi-cultural origin in it.
            The form of the evolution of the kolam dance can be identified by a comparison of the copy of Callaway (1829) and the copy of T. W. Gunadasa of Ambalangoda (1950-60) with the book titled “Maname kolama” published by Tissa kariyawasam in 1986, i.e. the work which was based on Maname kolam dance performance led by Mr. Thomas Edlin, kapu rāla (officiating priest of the Devalaya) organized by the Rattanaptiya mortality welfare Society on 26.01.1980 and by Research and Publication Committee of Institute of Aesthetic Studies on 17.06.1985. Information in respect of kolam dance as to how it was used as an exorcism cannot be gathered out of all these three copies (of publication). Callaway copy contains just dialogue of Hewa kolam only. All other characters do not converse. But according to the copies of both Gunadasa and Tissa Kariyawasam the kolam has developed as an extremely incidental art. It contains but nominal ritualistic features. Kolam is an admixture of multi –cultural elements. It has been developed to the present state through mixing it with various cultural elements from time to time. Presence of animistic elements, the southern Indian influence and the influence of western Europeans culture also can be found in it. Therefore, kolam does not indicate identity of one ethnic group.
            To comprehend this fact more clearly let us study the evolution of Tukkāvadu pedigree of kolam dance. Then we can find out whether kolam is exclusively art belonging to the Karave or else it is an art associated with multi-cultural background.

Tukkā Wadu linage of master artists of Maha Ambalangoda
Information pertaining to the contemporary artists who took part in kolam dance of Ambalangoda can be obtained out of studies done by Sarachchandra and M. H. Gunatilleka in the decade 1950-1960. There are two generations involved in kolam dance in Ambalangoda, i.e. Tukkā wadu generation and Juvan wadu generation. Tukkā wadu generation has been used as the basis of this study because it is with which a multitude of scholars have dealt since 1950. It is the leading generation which not only goes on preserving this wit but also the owners of the most popular kolam tradition. It is the kolam belong to this generation that Sarachchandra the foremost researcher of kolam has studied.
The following are the notes Beryl De Zoete makes about the kolam group of the Tukka Wadu Gunadasa having arrived in Sri Lanka in August 1948 and after seen his kolam dance and after meeting Pelis Silva, who was an octogenarian at that time. “The dancers all belong to the family they are working at various contracts up-country. They are builders, masons, carpenters and mask makers. Then belong to the kuruwanse caste a warrior tribe of North India, who were fetched down as mercenaries presumably about two thousand years ago to support a Ceylonese king” (1957: 191). The reference “two thousand years ago” made above is an exaggeration. What is referred to above is the Mukkara fight.
            Rājakāriya (duty) rendered by people of Karava caste to the state in kotte period was carpentry. They (carpenters) had talent for carving things in wood and wood craft (Vimalananda, Tennakoon, 1963:274) It was these carpenters who carved the most beautiful and colorful masks. But on the other hand it was the artists of the Berawa caste that contributed verse, singing rhymes, dance as well as play to the kolam to develop it as a drama.
            It was the artists of the two Berawa caste villages Suddāgoda and Tundūwa in the region Bentara that contributed playing drums playing the trumpet dance and singing for the kolam drama to both Juwan Wadu family of Hirewatte, Ambalangoda and Tukka Wadu family of Maha Ambalangoda. (Patmasiri 57 yrs) Even in Bentara the same artists (of Berava caste) in collaboration with Jindasa Jayasekara took part in (Nūrti performances) plays accompanied by masks in 1960s. Though the one extremely attached to religion on the other hand they are not eager for entertainment. Bentota Majority of residents of are of Govigama caste. So what took place here in the merging of groups of the Berava caste who possess both ability and ardency with regard to of course incidental arts which are also their heritage with the Karava  caste groups of Ambalangoda who possess a similar appreciation of arts and also a very pleasant cultural background.
            Merging of these two castes has been behind the development of kolam dance even since the early part of the 19th Century. What the following table 01 shows is the parallel development the history of kolam drama of Tukka Wadu family of Maha Ambalangoda to that of the artists of the Berava caste of villages Suddaged and Tunduwa in Bentota.
Time
linage of master artists in Bentota
linage of master artists in Maha Ambalangoda
beginning of 1800.A.D
 Sinda gurunnanse
Tom-Tom Beater:Eliya Gurunnanse.
T.W.Oinis Leading carpenter
S.H.Odiris
T.W.Pelis - Character of Mudali
R.M.Dawith singo
K.M Agiris Hami
K.M.Marthenis
T.W.Subaneris - Crier
Thomis appo
K.H.Sawneris
S.Dewid-Kolam, Nonci
S.H.Wiliam
A.M.Jan Silva
P.H.Mendiris
M.H.Diyonis
1850-1950
Dāni Gurunnanse
Plying drams, Dingiri (Yanger brother of Guru Sinda) and Leineris.
T.W.Pelis - Character of Mudali
T.W.Subaneris - Crier
S.Dewid-Kolam, Nonci
Thomis appo
S.H.Wiliam
M.H.Diyonis
K.H.Sawneris
A.M.Jan Silva
P.H.Mendiris
S.M.Samel Silva
B.H.Elenis Silva
K.M.Agiris Hami
P.H.Thusuman
T.W.Sirimal
1920-1977
Amarasa gurunnanse in Suddagoda.
Nanda and Enda two Gurus.
Plying drams:Thediris and Leineris.
Traditional trumpet: E.Saraneris
T.W.Gunadasa: 1903-1977
T.W.Symon Silva
W.Denipala
G.G.Sugathadasa
T.W.Sumanasiri
E.Kulasena
Chandrasoma Binduhewa
T.W.Wijesiri
K.M Elbert
M.H.Somapala
S.H.Kulasiri
From1980 to Up-to-date.
Edin Gurunnanse
Pathmasiri Weerasinghe
Kumudu Kumar 
T.W.Harischandra
Sours:  De silva, Jinendra wansa, 2003 and Goonatilleka, M.H .,1968
Table: 01





            Even today very often there exists the relationship between these two castes whenever the kolam drama is performed. While T. W. Harischandra is having his own kolam dance group in Maha Ambalangoda . Pattmasiri Weerasinghe is having his own group in Tunduwa. Pathmasiri does not present a long kolam drama comprising stories and his kolam drama consists of a few important pre-acts and it is about &3 hour performance. Artist kumudu kumara too performs kolam pre-acts only in tourist hotels.
            Although either caste has its own techniques belonged to it at the beginning subsequently both castes seemed to employ the same techniques without any distinction. For instance Norbert (63), an artist belonging to Berava caste and living in Suddagoda, Bentota beats the Tom-Tom on the one hand and on the hand has skill in carving masks. (See picture 2) Among the artist of the Karava in Ambalangoda these are groups who possess talent for singing and playing in addition to that of carving masks. Although each and every branch of an art was divided among the castes at the ancient time today such distinctions do not exist. Many casts seem to be engaged in trades not actually meant for them at the beginning. As Norbert says in the part only people belonging to Oli caste was allowed to make performance wearing the mask of the (Demon) Garāyakā.   But today many people of very many other castes make performance wearing the mask of the Garāyakā. (Norbert 63) D. S. Ponnumperuma says that in 1950s groups of Govigama caste performed kolam drama. He asserts that in his childhood he saw kind of playful dance performance made inside a thatched hut put up in the place called Nīlisgewatta. He also says his father Mr. D. J. Ponnamperuma (of Govigama caste), Sinhala (Medium) school teacher died in November 1956 had had a mask of Hewā kolama, Lion masks, two Nāga rāssa masks and a tom-tom called Yak bera. He further says that his father could play the tom-tom and in addition he got tom-tom master Amarasa (of Berawa caste) to train his D. S. Ponnamperuma’s younger brother in dancing and playing the tom-tom. He says that a neighboring youth called Bastian Lenora who took a fancy to these arts and crafts having learnt it under master Dēdduwē -Mendis Gurunnanse later became an exorcist himself. (D. S. Ponnamperuma, 90) It is evident from this that each duty entrusted to a particular caste at the beginning in time to come lost its caste identity when even other castes also began to practice that very trade duty. It was the Campaign of 1956 launched to achieve pre-eminence in national and cultural symbols that liberated there folk arts from caste and class bondage and paved the way for the emergence of national identity from them.
CONCLUSIONS:
It is not possible to trace the origin of kolam (mask drama) out of only one ethnic group. It is an admixture of multi-cultural multi religion elements. In its evolution from a form of exorcism to that of playful and performing art it underwent influence of various cultures, even in the case of tukka wadu ancestry which is the subject of this study a special contribution have been made to the progression of the kolam (mask drama) by both castes Karava and Berava. Although kolam is associated with the transmigration of the Karava it is not-altogether corrects to assume that it is not an art exclusively belonging to that particular caste. In the campaign launched since national and cultural symbols, a progression can be noticed of dramatic arts such as mask drama without caste distinctions. Thus caste identities have been diminished further.


NOTES:
1.      In kolama there is a long pre-theatre. In this pre-theatre there are various human, animal and non human characters. Number of characters varies from copy to copy. In the copy of the British. Museum (or 4995) there are 51 characters including story characters. The number of characters in the copy of Tukkā Wadu Harischandra of Maha Ambalangoda is 18. Number of characters in the copy AC 14 of Colombo Museum is 19. (Gunatilleke, M. H. 1968: 34-55). No of characters Callaway gives is only 7. (1829:9). A few common characters can be identified out of masks, i.e. Anabera kolama(crier),Nonchi Akkā(crier’s wife), Arachchi (a chief), Hewā kolama, (lascar), Mudali kolama(mudali), Jasa alias Pēndi kolama (washer man), Polis kolama,(Police man) Raja hā Bisawa,(King and queen) Nāga kanyāwa(a cobra vergin), Nāga Rāssa(cobra demon), Gurulu Rāssa(a mythical bird demon), Kava Rassa are major masks.
2.      These stories include Maname, Sandakinduru, Chatrapāni katava, Godimbara katava etc. (Goonatilleke, M. H. 1968: 193-254) in or 4995 there is a story called Gema katāwa.
3.      See Raghvan’s articles published in Spolea Zeylanica: Bulletin of the National Museum of the Ceylon.
4.      See the story of Kāli Yakkhinee Waththu(pali) of Yamaka wagga wnnana in Dhamma padattha katha,

REFERENCES:
Kolam copies:
·         Palm leaf manuscript No AC 14 titled “kolam Natanawā” in National Museum, Colombo.
·         Photocopy No or 4995 consisted of 58 sheets titled “Kolam Nätīmē Kavi”, National Museum-Colombo taken from British Museum.
·         Kolam copy contained in the work titled “Sinhala Jana Sammata Kāvya” edited by W. Arthur Silva and Gunapala Malalasekara. This was published by Royal Asiatic Society Ceylon Branch in 1935.
·         T. W. Gunadasa’s (Maha Ambalangoda) copy now in the possession of Harischandra. This has been used by M. H. Goonatilleka (1968) and Sarachchandra (1952/1966) for their studies.
Interviews:
·         Interviews had on 06. 09. 2013 and 09. 02. 2014 with Mr. G. Premin, chairman of puppetry subcommittee of cultural ministry & Bali Master charmer, Watugedara, Ambalangoda.
·         Interview had with Mr. Prasanna Abeywardane (69) at his residence at Galbada, Induruwa on 08/02/2014. He worked as village headman of Bentota from 1960.one of the former chairman of all Ceylon Village headman’s Association.
·         Interviews had with Mr Pathamasiri Weerasinghe (57) of Thunduwa, Haburugala,Son of Traditional Guru Adin,a contemporary Kolam artist on 06.11.2013 and 11.02.2014.
·          Interviews had with Mr.T.W. Harishchandra(60)of Thuduwamulla, Mahaambalangoda on 09.02.2014.
·         Interviews had with Mr. Nobert,Master Mask carver and tom-tom artist of Suddagoda,Bentota on 25.02.2014.
·         Interviews had with Mr.D.S.Ponnamperuma (90)of Suriyagoda,the most senior and the knowledgeable person living at Bentota at present on 24.02.2014.
·         Interviews had with Traditional Guru Eralis (chanter) of Suddagoda,Bentota on 23.02.2014.
·         Interviews had with Mrs.D.K.O.K Sriyalatha(58)Born in Kommala but now living at Galthuduwa on 12.03.2014.
Telephone Interviews:
·         Interviews had over the phone with Mr.Kumudu kumara(38)Profesional Dancer and Tom-Tom- Beater of Arachchimulla,Bentota on 25.02.2014.
·         Interviews had over the phone with Mr Ajith Kumara,Village headman of Division Thalapitiya,Galle.(It was from the master Tom-Tom Beater of this area that Kallaway collected information). 
            Books in English:
·         Ariyapala,M.B.(1956).Socity in Mediaeval Ceylon.Colombo:Department of Cultural affairs.
  • Callaway,John. (1829).Yakkun Nattannawa and Kolan Nattanawa. London: Oriental translation fund
·         Casie Chitty,Simon.(1834).Ceylon Gazetteer,Ceylon:Cotta Church Mission Press.
·         De Zoete, Beril (1957).Dance and Magic Drama in Ceylon. London:
  • Pertold,Otakar. (1973).The Ceremonial Dances of the Sinhalese , 2nd edition, Dehiwala-Sri Lanka:Thisara Publication ltd.
·         Raghavan,M.D.(1964).India in Ceylon History, Society and culture, India: Asia Publising House:,129.p cited in M.H Goonatilleka,1968.
·                                 (1961).The Karava  of Ceylon,Socity and Culture, Colombo: K.V.G.De Silva and Sons.
·         Ryan,Bryce.(1993).Cast in modern Ceylon, 2nd edition, New Delhi:Navrang.

Articles in English:
·         Devi,Ragini.(1966).Kolam Thullal–The Masked Dance Ritual, Marg. A magazine of the Arts, Vol.xix,March,1966,No.2:Bombay,48.p cited in M.H Goonatilleka,(1968).
·         Jayawardana, A.(1884). Kalikovila, Jurnal of Royal Asiatic Society (Ceylon) Vol. viii, No. 29,434-439 p.p.
·         Raghavan,M.D.( 1951).The kinnaraya–the Tribe of Mat Weavers, Ethnological Survey of Ceylon No 2. Spolia Zeylanica: Bulletin of the National Museum of Ceylon, 26 (i) 1951. Dec: Colombo.

Translations from English to Sinhala :
·         Coomaraswamy,A. K.(1962).Madykaleena Sinhala Kala.(medieval Sinhalese Arts), trans. H.M.Somarathne, Colombo: Ministry of cultural affairs.
·         Pieris,R.(1964).Sinhala Samaja Sanwidhanaya(Sinhala Social Organization), translation by author, Colombo: Saman publication L.td
·         Sarachchandra,E.(1999)Sinhala Gemi natakaya(Sinhala adaptation of The Folk Darma of Ceylon,1966),3rd edition, Maradana: S.Godage publication.

Books Sinhala:
·         Sri Sumangala Thero,W.(1876). Ithihasa,Colombo:Published by Arnold dias.
·         Goonatilleka, M.H .(1968). Kolam nataka sahithya.Maradana:Rathna publications.
·         Delabandara,Gamini.(2000).Sinhala Kolam Sampradaya. Kelaniya: Sambhawya publication.
·         De silva, J. W. (2003).Kalaguru Tukkawadu Gunadasa pranamanjalee, Gunadasa memorial comity, Ambalangoda.
·         Kariyainwasam,T.(1986).Maname kolama.Kelaniya:Sheela prints.
·         Wijesooriya,S.(2004).ed. Parewi sandesaya. Kotte: sahabahageethwa sanwardana parshadaya.
·         Wimalananada,T.(1963).Udarata maha kerella. Colombo: M.D. Gunasena.

Article in Sinhala:
·         Kumara,Wasantha.(1990).Yaksha gothrika pideema arthawath kala digge sthree ranganaya, Kala magazine ,Vol.35- December,Colombo: Sri Lanka Art council,46-48 p.p.
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